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 Policy Cycle  Government actors - incentives  Interest Groups  Interests  Resources  Strategies 2

3 Agenda-Setting Policy Formulation Decisionmaking Policy Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation

4  Social Agenda (general, systemic): issues that the public thinks deserve attention from government  measures: polls, media  Formal Agenda (government): issues explicitly up for active and serious consideration by policy makers  measures: announced proposals, throne speech

5  Kingdon’s “streams” model: a confluence of  Problem stream  Politics stream  Policy (solution) stream  Opens a “policy window”  Opportunity for “policy entrepreneurs”

6  Changes in “Problem”  indicators  knowledge, technology  focusing event  Changes in “Politics”  changing public mood  elections  interest group strategies

7 Agenda-Setting Policy Formulation Decisionmaking Policy Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation

THINKING  Policy analysis of alternatives TALKING  Consultation with stakeholders 8

RATIONAL  clarify objectives, prioritize them  list all alternatives  assess consequences of alternatives  compare alternatives  choose alternative that maximizes/optimizes objectives INCREMENTALISM  no means-ends distinction  alternative search limited to those closest to status quo  ignores possible consequences  decision rule: “satisfice”  test of good policy: agreement  successive limited comparisons: trial and error learning 9

 Clear, consistent objectives  Sound causal theory  Adequate administrative authority  Committed, skillful implementors  Support from stakeholders  Facilitative socio-economic conditions 10

 Strategic actors  Government ▪ Elected officials ▪ Bureaucrats  Non-government interest groups 11

 resource: authority  Objectives: reelection, policy objectives, power  reelection comes first -- fundamental constraint  effect: public opinion matters 12

 resources  authority  expertise  objectives  policy objectives  power (budgets, jurisdiction)  autonomy 13 Government Actors –Interests, Resources: Bureaucrats

 energy firms  trade associations  environmental NGOs  aboriginal groups  consumer groups (?)  List of actors List of actors

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Strong environmental values On a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 being extremely supportive of energy development and 5 being extremely supportive of environmental conservation, how would you rate your simulation group's values? 4- Moderate environmental values 2 - moderate pro development values 3 - neutral 1 - Strong pro development values

 money  expertise (substance, process)  skilled leadership (effective, charismatic)  appealing cause  public opinion  contacts  control over investment, jobs 17

 control over investment, jobs  government seeks reelection  reelection depends on jobs, healthy economy  jobs, growth created by investment  investment a function of business climate  government constrained from undermining business climate 18

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 lobby  influence public opinion  through media  influence market behaviour  finance elections  litigation  form coalitions  direct action (demonstrations, civil disobedience) 20

 change the rules of the game within an arena  Expanding participation  shift the venue to another arena  Legislature to cabinet  Provincial to federal  Domestic to international  Government to market  idea-based strategies to reframe problem  in framing arguments, actors appeal to widely shared values and expert authority ▪ “green jobs”green jobs 21

22 Science(facts)Politics(values) Truth

23 Jasanoff and Wynne 1998

24 Politics Science

25 Politics Science

 Policy reflects value judgments, but embodies causal assumptions  Causal knowledge frequently very uncertain, undermining power of science  actors adopt the scientific arguments most consistent with their interests  “science” becomes a contested resource for actors in the policy process, by lending credibility to arguments  the body of credible science bounds the range of legitimate arguments, but only loosely 26

 Scientific controversies are frequently more about underlying value conflicts  e.g., conservation vs. development 27

28 Science Politics Regulatory Science Regulatory Science: Scientific assumptions adopted for the purpose of policy- making

 Some causal assumptions are better than others – science helps  Some policies are better reflections of society’s distribution of preferences than others -- democratic institutions help  Avoid: political decisions made by scientists and scientific judgments being made by politicians  Prefer: transparent justification for decisions  Reveals boundary where scientific advice ends and value judgments begins  Promotes accountability 29

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31ActorInterestResourcesStrategies Politicians Bureaucrats industry environmentalists First Nations