Human Development: Major Issues Nature/Nurture –Genes/Environment Continuity and Stages –Stage Theorists: Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson Stability/Change –Born Outgoing, Always Outgoing?

Prenatal Development Question 1 on study guide 1 cell becomes 100 trillion! Zygote (germinal) Embryo Fetus

Teratogens Congenital Infections -HIV, Rubella, Syphilis Chemicals, Drugs and Medications -Alcohol, Street Drugs, Cigarettes Physical Agents -X-Ray Maternal Factors -Maternal Diabetes

Early Development 36 hours after conception 46 Chromosomes Zygote moves from fallopian tubes to uterus

Principles of Human Development Cephalocaudal = Head to Tail Proximodistal = Center Out

4 Weeks Menstrual Cycle Stops Day 21 Hearbeat Spinal Cord grows fast-tail like

Week 7 Facial Features Embryo is reactive to environment Week 8 Own Blood type Major Organs Hair follicles, Knees, Elbows.

Weeks 9-12 Heart rate can be heard Face well formed, eyes close until 28 th week Fetus can make a fist Testosterone is produced

13-16 Weeks Brain fully developed Fetus feels pain Suck, swallow, irregular breathing sounds Transparent skin Bones become harder Kicks and somersaults

20 Weeks QuickeningRecognize Mother’s voice LanugoSex Organs visible on Ultra Sound Finger and Toe Nails Appear

Vernix Covers Skin Practice Breathing Fetus has startle reflex Eyes Open/Close Prints are forming90% survival rate Weeks

Weeks 29 – 32 Body Fat SLEEP! 95% Survival Rate

38-40 Weeks

Infancy: Physical Development Reflexes: born with many reflexes to help them survive Babinski Reflex

Video’s of Infant Reflexes Swimming Reflex Swimming Baby Infant Reflexes Moro Reflex

Infancy: Physical Development Growth rate declines throughout infancy but is faster than during any other postnatal period. Neural pathways strengthened and weakened. Brain plasticity best when young Motor development = Nature + Nurture Maturation

Infancy: Motor Development LIFT HEAD ROLL OVER SIT PROPPED UP SIT WITHOUT SUPPORT BEGINS TO STAND WHILE HOLDING ON TO THINGS FOR SUPPORT BEGIN TO WALK WITH SUPPORT MOMENTARILY STAND ON OWN W/O SUPPORT STAND ALONE WITH MORE CONFIDENCE BEGIN WALKING W/O SUPPORT

Sensorimotor period: Birth -2 Schemas / stranger anxiety Assimilation/Accommodation –Categorization/ClassificationCategorization/Classification Object Permanence Rooting Reflex Circular reaction reflexivity  non reflexive motions The infant interacts with the world thru sensory and motor activities.

Infancy: Cognitive Development Preferences for faces Visual Cliff experiments- –Depth perception

Preoperational Stage (ages 2-7) Egocentrism Symbol Acquisition- language Pretend Play/Social Learning Theory The child represents objects with words and mental images

Concrete Operational (ages 7-11) Reversibility- puppy  lab, lab  puppy Conservation- matter doesn’t increase/decrease because it changes form.Conservation- The child shows more logical thinking. Mathematical transformations Child can think logically about concrete events.

Formal Operational (ages 11 & up) Abstract thinking emerges Hypothetical thinking emerges –Concrete objects no longer need to be present Readiness for adult intellectual tasks. Metacognition Can take others’ perspectives Thinking through hypotheses Not all adolescents/adults achieve formal operational thinking.

Six Sensorimotor Substages Exercising reflexes – 0-1 month Developing schemes – 1-4 months Discovering procedures – 4-8 months Intentional behavior – 8-12 months Novelty and exploration – months Mental representation – months

Preoperational Thought Appearances overwhelm preschoolers –2-3-year-olds do not easily discriminate what things look like from what things are Centration Lacks reversibility Learning becomes strategic Language becomes instrumental Misconceptions about Causality –Artificialism (sun) natural phenomena created by peeps –Animism (dolls) inanimate objects have human attributes

Concrete Operational Thought Reversibility: Hallmark move to Concrete Thinking –Compensation, Reciprocity, Inversion, Negation Classification and class inclusion Number skills and knowledge Understanding of conservation

Children’s cognitive development from 4-10 years reveals: Better conceptual relations More controlled strategies Greater awareness of thinking Better causal reasoning Better understanding of other people

Thought in Childhood and Adolescence Child Adolescent Limited to what is Considers possibilities Limited to present Considers abstract concepts and ideas Haphazard testing Planned testing Own view Perspective of others

Formal Operational Thought Thinking about possibilities Thinking abstractly Thinking through hypotheses Thinking about thinking Considering the perspective of others –Imaginary audience –Personal fable