Exploration and expansion Chapter 16

Scientific revolution From Magic to Science Natural Philosophers: religious teachings + classical thought to explain the unexplainable Roger Bacon: 1200s scientist & philosopher Favored a system of experimentation as a means of finding truth (not faith) Practiced alchemy – Dr. Mirabilis (wonderful teacher) Scientific Revolution: experiments & mathematics used to explain nature Formed basis for what we know as science Answered questions in physics, astronomy & anatomy

New Study of nature Scientists of 1500s question ancients Form conclusions based on their own observations 3 new tools to study Scientific instruments: barometer, microscope, telescope, air pump & thermometer Mathematics Experimentation – repeated for consistency Scientific Method

Astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish scientist) Ptolemy – geocentric theory – Earth is the center of the universe Copernicus’s heliocentric theory Sun centered universe Published in 1543 – no initial reaction dismissed Johannes Kepler (German Astronomer) Proved Copernicus’s theory Used models, observation & math Laws of planetary motion 1609

Galileo galilei Galileo Created own version of telescope Saw mountains & valleys on moon, rings of Saturn, moons of Jupiter and spots on the sun Published findings in 1632 – upheaval Church declared telescope an invention of the devil Physics scholars believed heavier objects fall faster than light ones Mechanics – study of objects in motion No friction from air, all objects fall @ same rate

Issac newton Newton (English Scientist) Law of Universal Gravitation Force that holds planets in orbit = same force that causes objects to fall to earth Explained laws of motion (3) & how to measure it Changed the game! Creation viewed as a giant mechanical clock “Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night; God said, “Let Newton be!” and all was light.” Alexander Pope

Vesalius & harvey Andreas Vesalius (Flemish Scientist) Pioneered the study of anatomy 1543 published On the Fabric of the Human Body 7 Volume’s – amazing detail, visual understanding of how body works William Harvey (English physician) Studied circulation of blood Described how blood moves through body Functions of the heart “I advise you not to trouble with words unless you are speaking to blind men.” Da Vinci

Triumph of New Science Scientific Method – map followed in search for knowledge Scientific Orders – spread news during revolution Schools & Societies dedicated to science Rome, England & France Printing Press huge contributions Scientific journals published

Descartes Rene Descartes (French philosopher & mathematician) No assumption could be accepted w/o question Published: Discourse on Method (1637) – assumptions must be proven on basis of known facts “I think therefore I am” Science should be studied all together Law of refraction: mathematical description of how light reflects off a smooth surface Challenged the Church – lived in Protestant Sweden

MMM Bacon….. Francis Bacon (English philosopher & scientist) Scientific theories can be developed only through observation Can’t trust an observation unless you can repeat it Published Novum Organum (1620) – outlining this way of thinking

Scientific discoveries 1600-1700’s Gottfried Liebnitz & Newton develop calculus Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch) – discovers bacteria Called animalcules Robery Boyle (English-Irish) – pioneered modern chemistry 1662 temp & pressure affect the space a gas occupies Joseph Priestley (English) – discovers Oxygen in 1774 Antoine Lavoisier (French) – named Oxygen Showed fire resulted when a substance rapidly combined with oxygen Law of conservation of matter: matter can change form but can not be destroyed nor created Printing press, Scientific Societies & improvement in communication

Mercantilism Mercantilism – Country’s wealth = how much gold and silver it has saved World had a fixed amount of wealth Increase – take it from another country Balance of Trade Favorable BoT: export more than you import 3 Ways to achieve a Favorable BoT: 1.) Tariffs – reduce the amount of imports by taxing goods 2.) Subsidies – gov’t grants to start new industries & build ships 3.) Gain control of overseas resources (colonization)

Christopher columbus October 12, 1492 Lands at San Salvador (Bahamas) West Indies – believed he landed off the coast of Asia Columbian Exchange – Trade B/W Americas’s and Europe Opened up regular trade b/w Eastern & Western Hemisphere Gold & Silver mined in South America was shipped to Spain American foods (potatoes, tomatoes, beans & corn) introduced to Europe Spanish brought horses to America Exchanged diseases (smallpox) – killing millions

Triangle trade Triangular Trade 1st merchants shipped cotton goods, weapons & liquor to Africa in exchange for slaves or gold 2nd exchange or Middle Passage – Route of slaves from Africa to Americas sold to Plantation owners 3rd exchange sent plantation’s products to Europe Middle Passage Brutal and degrading Slaves were chained together in the hull of the ship No sanitation, little food or water – many died in travel Mid 1700’s – Early 1800’s estimated 10 million survived the trip