The Scientific Revolution The Aristotelian Universe Scientific ideas were derived from classical writings of Ptolemy, Aristotle, and Plato These writings conformed with Church views In higher learning science was a branch of theology Belief in “Matter” and “Form” Earth was a living, protected sphere based on the geocentric model –Earth was the center of static universe

The Scientific Revolution  Medieval universities laid the groundwork for new views of science.  They established departments of physics, mathematics, and astronomy  Departments of philosophy developed some independence and autonomy from theology  The Renaissance encouraged free inquiry and experimentation  This inquiry was the beginning of modern science  Scientific method developed – new ideas based on logic, observation, and reason rather than just faith or classical teachings  Began in the field of astronomy.  Created a different paradigm of the solar system  Initially opposed by the Church  Many European states embraced the “new science”.  Scientific academies developed in many countries. (England, France, Prussia, Russia)

heliocentric theoryOn the Revolutions of the Heavenly SpheresPolish scientist who developed the heliocentric theory in On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres His ideas were widely condemned by other scientists and religious leaders as heretical and non- Christian.His ideas were widely condemned by other scientists and religious leaders as heretical and non- Christian. The Scientific Revolution Nicolaus Copernicus

Danish astronomer that built the most advanced observatory in Europe to study planetary motion. The King of Denmark was his patron. Believed that all planets except earth revolved around the sun and that they all revolved around a fixed earth. His observatory collected massive amounts of data that would be used later by his students and astronomers The Scientific Revolution Tycho Brahe ( )

Johannes Kepler An assistant to Brahe. He was a German mathematician who used math to develop the Three Laws of Planetary Motion. –Planets including earth revolve around sun in elliptical orbits –Velocity of planets varies according to distance from the sun –Explained physical relationship between moving planets. The Scientific Revolution

GalileoGalileo - Italian scientist who proved the heliocentric theory through telescopic observation. –He didn’t invent the telescope but perfected it for distant observation –First to use it for planetary observation In 1632 he published Dialogue of Two Chief Systems of the World stating heliocentrism as fact. The Church forced him to recant and he spent the rest of his life under house arrest. LLaid the foundation of modern mechanics and physics with study of falling bodies, the pendulum, and inertia The Scientific Revolution

Paracelsus ( ) Swiss born physician who pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Swiss born physician who pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Laid the foundation for later studies of Alchemy and chemical properties in medical science. Laid the foundation for later studies of Alchemy and chemical properties in medical science.

The Scientific Revolution Robert Boyle ( ) Established the basis of the science of Chemistry. Rejected old principles and proposed an atomic explanation in which matter consisted of little particles later were identified as elements. Wrote The Sceptical Chymist (1661) His most important work was with gases (Boyles Law) explaining relationship between volume and pressure of gases

The Scientific Revolution laws of gravityEnglish scientist who discovered the laws of gravity and explained the laws of force and motion. One of history’s greatest scientists. In 1678 published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia Mathematica) which provided a mathematical explanation of universal gravitationIn 1678 published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia Mathematica) which provided a mathematical explanation of universal gravitation. Isaac Newton

The Scientific Revolution Promoted the inductive method of scientific study Conclusions could only be reached through induction (systematic collection and analysis of data). Major work included The Advancement of Learning (1605) Francis Bacon ( )

The Scientific Revolution French mathematician who promoted the deductive method based on experimentation and observationFrench mathematician who promoted the deductive method based on experimentation and observation –Reasoning out a general law from specific observed cases and applying it broadly to cases which hadn’t been observed. (Cartesian Method) His greatest work was Discourse on Method (1637)His greatest work was Discourse on Method (1637) Rene Descartes ( )

The Scientific Revolution The Structure of the Human BodyFlemish doctor who in 1543 published the textbook The Structure of the Human Body which laid the foundations for the study of human anatomy. Andreas Vesalius ( )

Discovered and demonstrated the function of the heart and the circulatory system in his book On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628).Discovered and demonstrated the function of the heart and the circulatory system in his book On the Movement of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628). This helped develop the foundations of modern medicine.This helped develop the foundations of modern medicine. The Scientific Revolution William Harvey ( )

Scientific Societies Rome – Scientific Academy Florence – Academy of Experiments 1657 England – Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge – 1662 France – French Academy of Science – 1666 Prussia – Berlin Academy 1701

John Locke ( ) English thinker and writer who influenced others during Enlightenment and in the American colonies. Two major works: Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingEssay Concerning Human Understanding –At birth every human mind is blank. All knowledge comes from experience. Repudiated the view that humans were born to submit to authority Second Treatise of GovernmentSecond Treatise of Government –Based on the Social Contract Theory that people have come together in a social contract to protect life, liberty, & property. –When government fails to protect peoples natural rights and instead interferes with them the people have the right to rebel

The French Philosophes

Voltaire ( ) Prolific and witty writer who criticized France’s Old Regime.Prolific and witty writer who criticized France’s Old Regime. Most famous work is his satirical work Candide in which he attacks superstition, religious persecution, war, and the human condition.Most famous work is his satirical work Candide in which he attacks superstition, religious persecution, war, and the human condition. He admired English government and spirit of tolerance. In his Letters on the English he advocates free speech, praises England's limited monarchy and denounced the FrenchHe admired English government and spirit of tolerance. In his Letters on the English he advocates free speech, praises England's limited monarchy and denounced the French “I may not agree with a word you say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it”

Jean Jacques Rousseau ( ) The Social Contract Swiss born philosopher.Swiss born philosopher. Government should be based on popular sovereignty and people have the right to change government when they are discontentedGovernment should be based on popular sovereignty and people have the right to change government when they are discontented

Montesquieu French attorney and philosopher who didn’t believe any single political system was ideal. He believed different governments were better for different systems. Spirit of the LawsHe did believe that the perfect government would have separation of powers and checks and balances. He expressed this in Spirit of the Laws

Diderot ( ) Encyclopedia. Compiled collection of the work of the philosophes and all knowledge, into the Encyclopedia.