Motivation Motivation: The desire to exert effort to perform a particular task. Motivation: The desire to exert effort to perform a particular task. Some.

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Presentation transcript:

Motivation Motivation: The desire to exert effort to perform a particular task. Motivation: The desire to exert effort to perform a particular task. Some background on the underlying theory of motivation: Some background on the underlying theory of motivation: –Reinforcement Theory

Reinforcement Theory “Behavior is sensitive to its consequences.” “Behavior is sensitive to its consequences.” Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by net positive outcomes will have their probability of occurrence increase; behaviors followed by net negative outcomes will have their probability of occurrence decrease. Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by net positive outcomes will have their probability of occurrence increase; behaviors followed by net negative outcomes will have their probability of occurrence decrease.

Reinforcement Theory Four Types of Consequences Four Types of Consequences Positive Reinforcement: Positive Reinforcement: –Behavior followed by the presentation of a positive consequence. –Will increase the probability of that behavior occurring again.

Reinforcement Theory Punishment Punishment –Behavior followed by the presentation of a negative consequence. –Will decrease the probability of that behavior occurring again.

Reinforcement Theory Extinction Extinction –Behavior followed by taking away a positive consequence. –Will decrease the probability of that behavior occurring again.

Reinforcement Theory Negative Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement –Behavior followed by taking away a negative consequence. –Will increase the probability of that behavior occurring again.

Example of Reinforcement Theory Prepare Report Correct Incorrect Praise Refrain from Public Reprimand Offer no Praise Reprimand Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Extinction Punishment

Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Continuous –Reinforce after every occurrence of the behavior. Best for initial training. Fixed Interval Fixed Interval –Reinforce after the passing of a fixed period of time. –Example: Monthly pay

Schedules of Reinforcement Variable Interval Variable Interval –Reinforce after the passing of a variable period of time. –Example: Bank examiners visit a certain number of times per year, but there is no warning. –Example: We will have four pop quizzes during the semester, but they are not scheduled.

Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Fixed Ratio –Reinforce after the occurrence of a fixed number of behaviors. –Example: Commission pay plans, yearly performance bonus. Variable Ratio Variable Ratio –Reinforce after the occurrence of a variable number of behaviors –Vending machine coin returns, slot machines, Tips.

Which Schedule is Best? Most direct link between behavior and rewards. Most direct link between behavior and rewards. Most stable pattern of performance Most stable pattern of performance –Wave Effect (Kids at Christmas) Paradox – least motivational is most used? Paradox – least motivational is most used? –Why?