Deviance as Pathology

 1876, Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man ◦ "atavistic anomalies"  Phrenology (late 1700s through mid 1800s)  Benjamin Rush (1785): disease model of alcoholism  Body Types

 Determinism  Positivism  Organismic Dysfunction/Infection

 Earnest Hooten

 William Sheldon William Sheldon

 Endomorph

 Ectomorph

 Mesomorph

 Richard Dugdale ◦ The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity (1877) The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity  Margaret Jukes, “The Mother of Criminals”

 Henry Goddard  The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1912)

 Kallikak family tree

 Xx  female  Xy  male  Xxy  Klinefelter’s syndrome ◦ “Low masculinity”  1961, Patricia Jacobs ◦ Xyy  “Supermale syndrome”  NIMH study: no

 Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis ◦ id, ego, superego ◦ developmental stages  Oral  Anal  Phallic

 The Psychopath (Sociopath) ◦ Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity  Problems with psychological explanations ◦ Causal logic  Circularity ◦ Sample ◦ Over-determinism ◦ Little predictive value

 Sterilization ◦ Harry Laughlin (Eugenics Records Office)  Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 1914 ◦ By 1914, 12 states  By 1924, 3,000 sterilized "...At one hearing, Laughlin plastered the walls of the meeting room with photographs taken at Ellis Island. Above the photos hung a banner that read 'Carriers of the Germ Plasm of the Future American Population.'"

◦ 1924, Virginia: Eugenical Sterilization Act  Carrie Buck (17, single mom)  James Bell (Sup’t, VA State Colony for Epileptics & Feebleminded (to have Buck sterilized) ◦ Arthur Estabrook Arthur Estabrook  Sociologist, Eugenics Record Office ◦ Upheld by Circuit Court ◦ Upheld by Supreme Court  O. W. Holmes  “3 generations of imbeciles are enough”

◦ By 1935: 28 states, 6 pending By 1935: 28 states, 6 pending ◦ Between : 21,359 involuntary sterilizations in the U.S. ◦ 1936: Laughlin’s honorary degreeLaughlin’s honorary degree  University of Heidelberg  For his work in “the science of racial cleansing”

◦ 1942: Skinner v. Oklahoma  Chicken thief; armed robbery  To U.S. Supreme Court  William O. Douglas: violates “equal protection”  14 th amendment  OK law: Can sterilize a chicken thief but not an embezzler ◦ Sterilization cont’d through 1970s  60,000  Buck v. Bell never overturned

 Psychosurgery ◦ Gottlieb Burckhardt (Switzerland, 1892) ◦ Antonio Moniz (Portugal, 1935)

 Walter Freeman & James Watt (U.S., 1950) ◦ “Ice-Pick” Lobotomy ◦ 1967 last surgery ◦ Stripped of license

 Freeman performing a lobotomy ◦ Howard Dully’s surgery

 Howard Dully, 2005 Howard Dully ◦ Bus driver in California

 Biological & Psychological Pathology ◦ Good Intentions ◦ Ignores choice ◦ Ignores social factors ◦ Dubious claims to moral neutrality