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Inflammation Inflammation - local accumulation of fluid and cells involved in the immune response - State of Inflammation is induced - increased swelling, pain, heat and redness. 1. Blood capillary dilation = heat = redness 2. Vascular dilation = swelling = pain 3.Extravasation - change in adhesiveness of the endothelial tissue allowing immune cells to attach and migrate into the connective tissue

Figure 1-11 part 1 of 2 Flowchart of Hematopoiesis Pluripotent stem cell

Figure 1-11 Flowchart of Hematopoiesis Leukocytes

Myeloid Lineage

Figure 1-9 part 3 of 6 Neutrophils: Most abundant Phagocyte Effector cells of Innate Immunity Short-lived - Pus Eosinophils: Worms/intestinal parasites Amplify inflammation Bind IgE Very Toxic - Pathogen and host Chronic asthma Basophils: Rare Unknown function Bind to IgE Granulocytes (Myeloid progenitor) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs)

Circulate in blood Bigger than PMLs Look similar Immature form of macrophage Scavengers Phagocytose pathogens, cells, debris Secrete cytokines

Figure 1-13

Figure 1-14

Star-shape In tissue Cellular messenger Cargo cell Connective tissue Unknown progenitor Granules Degranulation major contributor to inflammation and allergies

Lymphoid Lineage Cells Large lymphocytes NK cells Innate immunity Small lymphocytes B cells T cells Adaptive immunity

Figure 1-9 part 2 of 6 Lymp Large lymphocyte with granular cytoplasm Effector cell of innate immunity

B cells have B cell receptors and secrete Ab T cells have T cell receptors Adaptive IR Small and immature Activated by pathogen Two types - B cell - T cell

Erythroid Lineage

Figure 1-9 part 6 of 6 Giant nucleus Resident of bone marrow Fusion of precursor cells Fragments to make platelets Gas transport Infected by Plasmodium falciparum

Figure 1-11 part 2 of 2 LymphoidMyeloidErythroid

Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Centrifuged blood sample

Figure 1-12

20 55H 45H

Figure 1-15 Sites of Lymphoid Tissue Primary and Secondary GALT, BALT, MALT Lymph Recirculation Mouth-3 billion neutrophils/day

Figure 1-16 Draining Lymph node Edema Afferent and Efferent

Figure 1-17 part 1 of 2

B-cell area (follicle)

Lymphocytes T-cell area artery Activated by dendritic cell T helper cell (lymph node) T helper cell (Infection site) Activate B cells Make Antibodies Activate Macrophages Cytotoxic T cell (Infection site) Kills infected host cells Lymphocyte not activated Efferent lymph Pathogen Dendritic cells Afferent lymph

Figure 1-19 Anatomy of immune function in the Spleen Blood filtering organ Blood borne pathogens Red pulp - red cells White pulp - Immune system

Figure 1-20 Activated lymphocytes M cells

Adaptive Immunity 1.Vertebrates only 2.Specificity - recognition modules - BCR, Ab and TCR - gene rearrangement is the source of diversity - clonal selection 3.Small lymphocytes - types and sub-types - functions

Recognition concept Receptor or Antibody molecule Antigen - structure recognized by an Ab, BCR or TCR Epitope - particular sub-structure of the Ag that is bound Affinity - how much a molecule likes to bind to a structure

B-cells BCR is Immunoglobulin (Ig) Plasma cells - effector cells that secrete Ab T-cells T c = cytotoxic (CD8+) T H = helper T-cells (CD4+) Th1 (inflammation) Th2 (help B-cells make AB) Small lymphocyte sub-types

Recognition modules of Adaptive immunity B cellsT cells

B-cellsT-cell

Figure 1-25 Intracellular pathogens Extracellular pathogens

Figure 1-26 MHC class I communicates with Tc cells

Figure 1-27 MHC class II communicates with T H cells

Parasite + Mast cell Inflammation Mast cell activated Expel and/or destroy pathogen Neutralization Opsonization 1.Inflammation Parasitic infection

Principles of Adaptive Immunity Diversity Specificity Memory Self-tolerance

Gene Rearrangement is the source of Diversity Germline configuration Diversity 1.Alternative combinations 2.Imprecise joints 3.Different types of chains 4.B-cells - somatic hypermutation In the absence of antigen

Clonal Selection 1.Each cell = one receptor 2.Millions of lymphocytes are generated 3.Small subset will recognize a pathogen 4.Proliferation and differentiation 5.Acquired immunity - the adaptive immunity provided by immunological memory

Figure 1-22

Figure 1-30

Polio Vaccine - Inactive vs Oral “live” version

Figure 1-28 Mechanism of Self-tolerance

Immunodeficiencies Inherited deficiencies Stress induced Pathogen caused deficiencies

Figure 1-32 IgE IgG CD4 T H 1 CD8 CTL Cells and molecules involved in Hypersensitivity Diseases

Figure 1-33 Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

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