Chapter 16

 Definition:  - Using the same pattern of words.  - In grammar, parallelism, also known as parallel structure or parallel construction, is a balance within one or more sentences of similar phrases or clauses that have the same grammatical structure.grammarclauses

USE PARALLELISM balancing  By balancing the items in a sentence, you will make the sentence clearer and easier to read.  Two or more equal ideas should be expressed in parallel, or matching, form. The ideas will be then read smoothly and naturally.

 Compare the following examples: Lacking parallelism: (unbalanced)  She likes cooking, jogging, and to read. Parallel:  She likes cooking, jogging, and reading.  In the above example, the first sentence has two gerunds and one infinitive. To make it parallel, the sentence was rewritten with three gerunds instead.gerundsinfinitive

Lacking parallelism: (unbalanced)  The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and down the alley he sprinted. Parallel:  The dog ran across the yard, jumped over the fence, and sprinted down the alley.

coordinate  To coordinate elements in a series pair  To pair ideas organize  To organize lists

USING PARALLELISM For example, balance a noun with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, a clause with a clause.  All items listing two or more words, phrases, or clauses, need to be written in the same grammatical structure. For example, balance a noun with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, a clause with a clause. Many people are interested in combat when they, or. Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school, or watching it on television.Correction: Many people are interested in combat when they, or Many people are interested in combat when they read about it at home, study about it in school, or watch it on television.

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 items in a series appear in parallel grammatical form: a noun is listed with other nouns, an - ing form with other -ing forms, and so on.noun- ing form  Failure to express such items in similar grammatical form is called faulty parallelism.faulty parallelism

 Tourists enjoy air shows on military bases and displays of armor in museums.  Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and to examine displays of armor in museums.  Correction:  Tourists enjoy air shows on military bases and armor displays in museums.  Tourists enjoy viewing air shows on military bases and examining armor displays in museums.

 Parallelism always applies to two or more equal ideas.  1-With elements joined by coordinating conjunctions, especially and, but, and or.coordinating conjunctions

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2- Use parallel structure with elements in lists or in a series. ( A series is a group of three or more elements in a row.)series

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3- Use parallel structure with elements being compared. (X is more than / better than Y)  When we compare things, we often use words such as more, less, better, and worse, We connect the items being compared with words like as and than.

4- Use parallel structure with elements joined by a linking verb or a verb of being.linking verbverb of being

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11- Learning a new language as an adult is more difficult than to learn one as a child. A- learning. B- to learning. C- no change.

22- Every morning, I run two miles, walk one mile, and half a mile on the bike. A- half a mile. B- bike half a mile. C- no change

3- There are two ways to get a promotion: working hard or make friends in high places. A- work hard. B- to working hard C- no change

4- The man walked down the street, stopped at a shop window, and fixed his tie. A- was fixing his tie. B- to fix his tie. C- no change

5- Many college students have the same goals: playing hard, doing well in classes, and a job after graduation. A- after graduation, a job. B- finding a job after graduation. C- no change

6- The bedroom was filled with old newspapers and radios that don’t work. A- radios that are broken B- broken radios C- no change