History of Health Care HAP 2012-2013 Susan Chabot

Early ideas Linked disease with evil spirits. Treatment involved ridding the patient of the evil spirit. Treatment was provided by clergy or witch doctors.

4000 BC - 3000 BC Primitive times Average life span = 20 years. Illness and disease caused by supernatural spirits/demons. Ceremonies used to drive-out evil spirits. Herbs and plants were used for medication. Skeletal evidence demonstrates surgery. Average life span = 20 years.

Trepanation Involved cutting a small hole in the skull with a special instrument. Used to treat headaches, skull fractures, epilepsy, and mental illness. Procedure lasted into the Middle Ages. Peru, 7000 BC Peru, 6000 BC.

2000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egypt Average life span = 20 to 30 years. Earliest known health records. Offerings to gods for healing. Use of blood-letting and leeches as treatment. Herbs and plants used as medicine Average life span = 20 to 30 years. Ancient papyrus Imhotep

1700 BC – 220 AD Ancient Chinese Average life span = 20 - 30 yrs. Monitored pulse rate to determine the condition of the body. Believed in curing whole body by curing the spirit and nourishment: Yin and Yang First recorded “pharmacy” of herbs. Average life span = 20 - 30 yrs.

1200 BC – 200 BC Ancient Greeks Average life span = 25 to 35 years. Hippocrates The start of the Hippocratic tradition “will cause no harm to the patient”. Believed illness the result of natural causes. Introduced concept that good diet and cleanliness prevented disease. Average life span = 25 to 35 years.

753 BC – 410 AD Ancient Romans Average life span = 25 to 35 years. Organized medical care for wounded soldiers. Separation of well and sick. Public health and sanitation systems. Diet, exercise and medication used to treat disease. Average life span = 25 to 35 years. Surgical hooks

400 – 800 AD Dark Ages Average life span = 20 to 30 years. Study of medicine was prohibited. Prayer used to treat disease. Monks and priests provided care. Average life span = 20 to 30 years.

800 – 1400 AD Middle Ages Average life span = 20 to 35 years. Medical universities open in the 9th century. Pandemic of bubonic plague occurred. Chemistry advances in pharmacology. Average life span = 20 to 35 years.

The Black Death Infectious disease caused by bacterium. Estimated to have killed 25 million people. Spread by fleas that fed on rats and humans. Mongol soldiers catapulted infected corpses over city walls in acts of biowarfare. Gangrene on fingertips

1350 – 1650 AD Renaissance Average life span = 30 to 40 years. Dissection allowed for better understanding of A&P. Artists used dissection to give art a more realistic look. Average life span = 30 to 40 years. David, by Michelangelo da Vinci

Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 Illustrated and published first anatomy book. Performed intricate dissections and drew what he observed.

16th and 17th Centuries Average life span = 35 to 45 years. Causes of disease still unknown. Many died from infection and childbirth fever. Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold medications. Average life span = 35 to 45 years. Mortar & pestle

Ambroise Pare 1510-1590 French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery. Introduced amputation to treat soldiers. Began using ligatures to stop bleeding and bind arteries instead of boiling- oil cauterization. Promoted use of artificial limbs.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Invented an early microscope.

18th Century Average life span = 40 – 50 years. Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer. Priestly discovered the element oxygen. Ben Franklin invented bifocals for glasses. Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine. Average life span = 40 – 50 years.

Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Used cowpox exposure to vaccinate against smallpox.

The 19th Century

19th Century Average life span = 40 – 60 years. First use of anesthetic for surgeries. International Red Cross was founded in 1863. Discovery of bacterial causes of disease. Average life span = 40 – 60 years. 1819: First successful human blood transfusion 1819: Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope. 1865: First use of antiseptics during surgery. 1892: Discovery of viruses by Dimitri Ivanfski. 1895: X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.

The 20th Century

You name it, it happened! 1901: ABO blood groups identified 1920: Health insurance plans are introduced. 1928: Fleming discovered penicillin 1952: Development of the polio vaccine. 1953: DNA structure described by Watson & Crick. 1954: First kidney transplant. 1962: First severed arm reattached. 1963: First liver transplant. 1964: First lung transplant. 1968; First heart transplant. 1970: First synthesized gene. 1975: Amniocentesis used to diagnose birth defects in-utero.

Jarvik-7 artifical heart And more! Dolly Introduction of sperm into egg cytoplasm                                               1978: First test tube baby. 1981: AIDS appeared in the population. 1982: Artificial heart is implanted in human. 1984: HIV identified. 1990: Gene therapy used to treat disease. 1990’s: Human Genome Project begins 1997: Dolly the sheep is cloned. The Human Genome Project Jarvik-7 artifical heart

Potential Increased average life span to 90+ years. Gene manipulation to prevent inherited diseases/Designer babies. Slow the aging process. Treatment for spinal cord injuries. Improved transplantation techniques. Reduced antibiotic resistance. Computerized body parts. Increased cloning activities. Increased average life span to 90+ years.