vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree-Based Systems? AVRDC North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University AVRDC AVRDC-WVC Thursday Seminar, 12 June 2008 Manuel C. Palada, Ph.D. Crop & Ecosystem Management Specialist Photo by Mandy Lin

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Outline Overview of the SANREM CRSP Vegetable Agroforestry Project (VAF) Early studies on VAF Tree-vegetable crop interface/interactions Performance of AVRDC-WVC vegetable varieties under VAF Other results from the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam Summary VAF TMPEGS Team

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asian Watersheds ( ) SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM (SANREM CRSP)

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Strong Partnership UPLB NCA&T UC Berkeley De La Salle Don Bosco

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center Greg Luther Flordeliza FaustinoLiwayway Engle Manny Palada Mubarik Ali AVRDC – WVC SANREM Team

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Problem Statement Communities in many forest and vegetable producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water resources degradation

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Nghia Trung, Budang District, Binh Phuoc Province Vietnam May 11, 2006 VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Nanggung, Indonesia May 3, 2006 VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Lantapan, Philippines May 24, 2008 VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Binh Phouc Province VIETNAM VAF: Cacao, cashew, coffee, bananas, timber trees, vegetables

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Indonesia Nanggung Sub-District Near Jakarta

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research VAF: Bananas, vegetables, mix trees Indonesia

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Lantapan, Bukidnon Island of Mindanao Philippines VAF: alley cropping, vegetables, bananas, timber trees

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Problem Statement Communities in many forest and vegetable producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water resources degradation

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Response TMPEGS“TeaMPEGS”

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS Stands for our T ea M ’s Philosophy Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research PEGS A peg is a pin forming a projection that may be used as a support TMPEGS Philosophy: “We are ‘PEGS’ supporting small scale farmers both women and men”

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS T echnology ‘complementarity’

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS M arketing ‘value chain’

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS P olicy ‘incentives’

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS E nvironmental & conomic-social impact ‘it works’

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS G ender ‘equity’

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS S caling-up ‘contagiousness’

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Scaling-up V egetables T rees Complementary agroforestry systems Technology Marketing GenderPolicy Stakeholders mainly Small Scale Farmers both Women and Men Predominant flow Feedback flow Baseline studies Conceptual Framework Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Overall hypothesis In intensive vegetable production system in the uplands, monoculture systems are not sustainable, but integrating trees is feasible and offers better prospects.

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Alley Cropping Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) systems is inevitably the most appropriate technology for the uplands to enhance the productivity, profitability and protective functions of vegetable production system in a sustainable manner, while reducing production risks and environmental hazards of vegetable production system.

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Early Studies on Vegetable Agroforestry Systems International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nigeria ( ) University of the U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Croix ( ) Center for Subtropical Agroforestry, University of Florida ( ) Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

Alley cropping Leucaena with leafy Chinese cabbage (Pai-tsai) Chen, Y.S., B.T. Kang and F.E. Caveness Alley cropping vegetable crops with Leucaena in Southern Nigeria. HortScience 24(5): No alleyWith alley No alley With alley IITA, Nigeria

Alley cropping with amaranthus, celosia, tomato and okra Treatments: Alley (+Fertilizer) Alley (-Fertilizer) No Alley (+Fertilizer) No Alley (-Fertilizer) Leucaena hedgerows: 4 m Alley width: 4 m Palada, M.C., B.T. Kang and S.L. Claassen Effect of alley cropping Leucaena leucocephala and fertilizer on yield of vegetable crops. Agroforestry Systems 19: IITA, Nigeria

Hedgerow intercropping pigeonpea with bell pepper Pruning hedgerowsPruning applied as mulch Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and C.D. Collingwood Effect of pigeonpea hedgerows on soil water and yield of intercropped pepper. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 28: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Alley cropping Moringa with medicinal plants and culinary herbs Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker, J.M. Mitchell and P.K.R. Nair Cultivation of medicinal plants in alley cropping system with Moringa oleifera in the Virgin Islands. Pp In: Y.N. Clement and C.E. Seaforth (eds). Proc. 6 th Int’l Workshop on Herbal Medicines for the Caribbean. Univ. of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago. St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Rao, M.R., M.C. Palada and B.N. Becker Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 61: Palada, M.C., J.M. Mitchell, B.N. Becker and P.K.R. Nair The integration of medicinal plants and culinary herbs in agroforestry systems for the Caribbean: A study in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Acta Hort. 676: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Hedgerow intecropping eggplant and sweet corn with Leucana, Gliricia, Moringa and Pigeonpea. Palada, M.C., J.J. O’Donnell, S.M.A. Crossman and J.A. Kowalski Influence of four hedgerow species on yield of sweet corn and eggplant in an alley cropping system. Agron. Abst. 1994:7.

Maize in Moringa hedgerows Maize in Leucaena hedgerows

Hedgerow/alley plot No hedgerow plot Morinda hedgerows Hot pepper 5 m 1 m Row 3 Row 4Row 1 Row 2 Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker and J.M. Mitchell Growth and yield of hot pepper in hedgerow intecropping with Morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.) during early establishment. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 40: St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and J.J. O’Donnell Integrating high value horticultural crops into agroforestry systems in the tropics with focus on alley cropping. Proc. Symp. On Celebrating Minority Professionals in Forestry and Natural Resources Conservation. Florida A&M Univ. Tallahassee, Florida. Photo by Mandy Lin

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS Technology objective: Develop economically viable and ecologically- sound vegetable-agroforestry (VAF) systems

Evolution of the AF system in Southern Philippines (Mindanao) (hedgerow intercropping) : Pruned hedgerow : NVS – Natural Veg. Strips present: c ommercial trees Positive Control soil erosion Provide organic fertilizer Fodder for animal Negative Labor intensive Competes with crops: space, growth resources, labor, etc Positive Very cheap to establish Control soil erosion effectively Negative No economic benefits ? Potentials: Productivity/Profitability Sustainability Diversity Environmental services

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Environmental services Reduction of soil loss..

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Relative yield of maize over six cropping periods as influenced by different timber tree species as hedgerows spaced at 8m x 3m Yield of control

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Tree-Crop Interaction in Hedgerow Intercropping Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Vegetable Agroforestry System Research Goal: Tree-vegetable integration on farm with minimal negative interaction but optimal positive interaction, thus increasing productivity, economic profitability, nutrient use efficiency and environmental services

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Tree integration on intensive vegetable based systems with minimal negative interaction Approaches: Tree-vegetable matching Tree management Crop management

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Methodology 1.Assessment of existing VAF systems covering 21 farms, 2 AF systems, 6 tree species, 8 vegetables, 4 aspects. Data collected were tree parameters (stem diameter, tree height, canopy height and width), spatial performance of vegetables (height, stem diameter, crown width, biomass), spatial light transmission (fish eye photography/quantum light meter) 2.Focus group discussion with 15 VAF farmers on various ways of integrating trees on vegetable farms and their practices and experiences on tree and vegetable management addressing tree-vegetable competition and complementarity 3.Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20 indigenous, and 5 tree vegetables under tree-based system.

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Eucalyptus- tomato interaction under boundary planting system Average height at neutral zone (m)

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Three zones of tree-crop interaction in vegetable agroforestry systems Average yield (m)

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Net complementarity as a simple tool in assessing appropriate tree-vegetable integration Net complementarity = degree of complementarity-degree of competitiveness Degree of complementarity = relative yield (at complementary zone) -1 x distance of influence (0= no complementarity) Degree of competitiveness = 1- relative yield (at competition zone) x distance of influence (0= no competition) Relative yield at complementarity zone = yield at complementarity zone divided by yield at neutral zone Relative yield at competition zone = yield at competition zone divided by yield at neutral zone

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Influence of timber tree species on VAF net complementarity under farmer management (tree-vegetable matching) Acacia mangium Eucalyptus robusta Eucalyptus torillana Gmelina arborea Maesopsis emini Net complementarity Tree species

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Influence of vegetable crops on net complementarity under farmers management (tree-vegetable matching) Vegetables Net complementarity index Bell pepper Brocolli Cabbage Cauliflower Chinese cabbage Tomato White beans Maize

Influence of aspects on VAF net complementarity North (vegetable on south side) South (vegetable on north side) East (vegetable on west side) West (vegetable on east side) North

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Aspects Net complementarity East (vegetable on west side) West ( vegetable on east side) North (vegetable on south side) South (vegetable on north side) Influence of aspects on net complementarity under farmer’s crop management

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Vegetable-tree matching Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20 indigenous (from AVRDC GRSU), and 5 tree vegetables under tree- based system involving leafy, fruit and root vegetables. Vegetables were planted 2 rows perpendicular to the 6-year old Eucalytus torillana tree row 25 cm from tree trunk. Vegetable entries were arranged in RCB design replicated 3 times. Vegetables were harvested spatially row by row. Zones of interaction were calculated in each plot.

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Promising vegetables at competition zone (4.5 ±1.2 m from tree hedge) Adaptability index = Yield at competition zone (Y1) / yield at neutral zone (Y0) Where: 1 = adapted

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Promising vegetables at complementarity zone (from 5 – 15 (±2) m from tree hedge) Complementarity index = Yield at complementarity (Y2) / yield at neutral zone (Y0) Where: 1= no complementarity effect

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Net complementarity indices of selected vegetables planted perpendicular to the tree line (researcher-managed) Net complementarity index = Y2-Y1 Where: 0 = no benefit

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research INDONESIA Effect of shading on yields of vegetables under mixed- tree species Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Indonesia – mixed tree species

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Indonesia – mixed tree species

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Adaptation of vegetables under different shading regimes in multi-storey agroforestry system in Indonesia. Increase in yield over no shade VegetablesMedium light (%) Amaranth spp180 Kangkong90 Eggplant71 Chili9 Tomato5 Note: Under heavy shade (Low light: *1000 lux), the growth and yield of 10 vegetables evaluated were negatively affected. (Medium light: *1000 lux). Adapted from Manurong et al Can vegetables be productive under tree shade management in West Java?

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research VIETNAM Shading effect on yield of vegetables Termite Biocontrol on Cacao Seedlings: Vetiver Grass Application Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Vietnam - Cashew

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables 1.Amaranth, kangkong, okra, and bitter gourd achieved highest yield under full sun light condition 2.Mustard and French bean have highest yield under medium light condition 3.Average yield of cashew trees located between two vegetable rows was recorded to be 17% more than average yield without vegetables planted.

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Biocontrol of Termite in Cacao Trees Termite damage on cacao tree Vetiver grass

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Percent mortality in cacao seedlings due to termite damage as influenced by biocontrol methods TreatmentSite 1 Mortality (%) Site 2 Mortality (%) Manure Farmer’s Practice (Chemical) 0 70 Manure + Lime Manure + Vetiver grass compost + Vetiver plants 0 33

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research PHILIPPINES Vegetable variety trials Drip irrigation Minimum tillage – cover crop Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Tomato Variety Trial

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Tomato Variety Trial

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Evaluation of Indigenous Vegetables

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Indigenous Vegetables

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Indigenous Vegetables

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Indigenous Vegetables

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Conventional Vegetables

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Medicinal Trees

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Medicinal Trees

Vegetable farmers performing evaluation of the performance of different tomato superior lines against tomato leaf curl virus under tree based system during the farmers’ field day at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. These tomato lines were provided by AVRDC.

AVRDC tomatoes and eggplants evaluated under tree based system were shown to vegetable farmers during farmers’ field day at Lantapan, Bukidon, Philippines.

Farmers posed at the experimental billboard after evaluating different tomato lines which are resistant to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) during the farmers field at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Henry Binahon Outstanding Agroforestry Farmer

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Binahon Farm Model Vegetable Agroforestry Farm

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Drip irrigation

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Miniumum tillage with cover crop Perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi)

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Taiwan AVRDC-WVC Vegetable Agroforestry Research Field ( Established in 2005)

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Tropical Fruit Trees SpeciesCommon name Anona reticulataBullock’s Heart Rollinia mucosaBiriba Baccaurea ramifloraMafai Tamarindus indica*Tamarind Artocarpus heterophyllus*Jackfruit Eugenia brasiliensisBrasil cherry Eugenia unifloraSurinam cherry Psidium littorale RaddiStrawberry guava Syzygium samarangense*Nam Pheung Honey Chrysophyllum caimito*Star Apple Pouteria campechiana*Canistel Pouteria caimito Radlk*Abiu

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Pouteria camechiana - Canistel

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Pouteria caimito - Abiu

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Chrysophyllum caimito – Star Apple

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Artocarpus heterophyllus – Jack Fruit

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Tamarindus indica - Tamarind

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Syzygium samarengense – Wax Apple

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Sequential cropping of vegetable crops

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Sequential cropping of vegetable crops

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Question Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree-Based Systems?

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Answer Of course, the answer is YES!

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Summary and Recommendations 1. Reduce competition between trees and vegetables (Y1) by: - Using vegetables that have high adaptability indices, adapted to low light environment, at competition zone (up to 4.5m from tree line) - Using trees which are less competitive - Employing tree root pruning and root barrier (chili yield was significantly higher in with root barrier treatment) Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree Based Systems? 3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable agroforestry systems Yes!

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research 2. Increase tree-vegetable complementarity (Y2) -Using vegetables with high complementarity response indices at complementarity zone (4.6 – 15 m away from the tree line) - Employing appropriate pruning regime, leaving % of the tree canopy- favorable for both trees and crops - Using optimum tree lines/hedges spacing, meters apart and 3 meters between trees, having approximately trees per hectare 3. Use valuable trees (T) - Premium timber trees (indigenous species) - Adapted fruit trees (Taiwan) - Rubber trees 3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable agroforestry systems

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Acknowledgement This study was funded and supported by the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management – Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM-CRSP) under U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research TMPEGS VAF Collaborators Agustin Mercado, Jr. - World Agroforestry entre Caroline Duque World Agroforestry Centre Manuel Palada – World Vegetable Centre Liwayway Engle - World Vegetable Centre Flordeliza Faustino - World Vegetable Centre Gregory Luther - World Vegetable Centre Gerhard Manurong - World Agroforestry Centre James Roshetko - World Agroforestry Centre Bambang Purwoko - Bogor Agricultural University Anas Susila - Bogor Agricultural University Try Van My - Nong Lam University, Vietnam Manuel Reyes - North Carolina A&T State University

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS Thank you for joining us!

vegetables + development XYZ Development Through Vegetable Research Photo by Mandy Lin