The Nation Expands U.S. History November 21, 2008

The Election of 1800 Two political parties were running for president Two political parties were running for president Neither Party had established a preferred ticket (Presidential Candidate and a Vice- President Candidate) Neither Party had established a preferred ticket (Presidential Candidate and a Vice- President Candidate)

Political Parties in 1800 Election Republican Party Republican Party Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr Both Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr received the same number of Electoral Votes – in a tie, the House of Representatives decide the President Federalist Party Federalist Party John Adams and Charles Pickney John Adams and Charles Pickney

House of Rep. decide The first 35 attempts to decide the President ended in a tie The first 35 attempts to decide the President ended in a tie Alexander Hamilton – who didn’t like either candidate, persuaded several of the Federalist (his party) to vote for Jefferson (not their party) Alexander Hamilton – who didn’t like either candidate, persuaded several of the Federalist (his party) to vote for Jefferson (not their party) Jefferson wins and becomes the third President of the U.S.A. Jefferson wins and becomes the third President of the U.S.A.

Cause and effect of Election of 1800 To prevent this from happening again, Congress proposed and passed the 12 th Amendment To prevent this from happening again, Congress proposed and passed the 12 th Amendment 12 th Amendment – required electors to vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates on separate ballots 12 th Amendment – required electors to vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates on separate ballots Burr is upset with Hamilton (for more than just the election) and demands an apology Burr is upset with Hamilton (for more than just the election) and demands an apology No apology so Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel No apology so Burr challenges Hamilton to a duel

Republicans in power With a Republican President and Congress, the Federalist felt like they needed to push their policies through the lame duck Congress (changing congress with little power) With a Republican President and Congress, the Federalist felt like they needed to push their policies through the lame duck Congress (changing congress with little power) Federalist pass the Judiciary act of 1801 Federalist pass the Judiciary act of 1801

Judiciary Act of 1801 Created new Federal Judgeships and circuit courts Created new Federal Judgeships and circuit courts Outgoing President Adams names Federalist to all the new judgeships on his last night as president Outgoing President Adams names Federalist to all the new judgeships on his last night as president Nicknamed these “midnight judges” Nicknamed these “midnight judges” John Marshall was named Chief Justice of Supreme Court John Marshall was named Chief Justice of Supreme Court

John Marshall’s Supreme Court Marshall was a loose constructionist – loose interpretation of the Constitution Marshall was a loose constructionist – loose interpretation of the Constitution Judicial Review- said the courts could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional Judicial Review- said the courts could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison 1 st time act of Congress was declared Unconstitutional 1 st time act of Congress was declared Unconstitutional William Marbury was selected as a judge by outgoing Pres. Adams William Marbury was selected as a judge by outgoing Pres. Adams New Pres. Jefferson and Sec. of State James Madison refused Marbury from taking the bench New Pres. Jefferson and Sec. of State James Madison refused Marbury from taking the bench Marbury appealed his case to the Supreme Court Marbury appealed his case to the Supreme Court

Marbury v. Madison The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had a right to his appointment as a judge but the Supreme Court can only hear a case that has been through the lower courts first The Supreme Court ruled that Marbury had a right to his appointment as a judge but the Supreme Court can only hear a case that has been through the lower courts first Decision from the court case – The Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution Decision from the court case – The Supreme Court is the final interpreter of the U.S. Constitution

Other John Marshall decisions Alexander Hamilton wanted a national bank Alexander Hamilton wanted a national bank Thomas Jefferson didn’t want a national bank Thomas Jefferson didn’t want a national bank John Marshall ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland that the Federal government had the right to legally establish a national bank John Marshall ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland that the Federal government had the right to legally establish a national bank

Thomas Jefferson Presidency Jefferson allowed some of the Federalist programs to remain – mainly the National Bank and Debt Payment Plan – which he personally opposed Jefferson allowed some of the Federalist programs to remain – mainly the National Bank and Debt Payment Plan – which he personally opposed He also wanted to maintain a neutral course in foreign affairs He also wanted to maintain a neutral course in foreign affairs Jefferson wanted to expand the land holdings of the country Jefferson wanted to expand the land holdings of the country

Louisiana Purchase Spain held the Louisiana Territory since 1762 (after the French were defeated in the French and Indian War) Spain held the Louisiana Territory since 1762 (after the French were defeated in the French and Indian War) France’s ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte, regained this territory in a secret treaty with Spain France’s ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte, regained this territory in a secret treaty with Spain France was still in financial trouble in Europe and needed money to support the military France was still in financial trouble in Europe and needed money to support the military

Louisiana Purchase Jefferson sends Sec. of State James Madison to Paris to try and buy west Florida and New Orleans (Jefferson wanted ports along the Gulf of Mexico) for $10 million Jefferson sends Sec. of State James Madison to Paris to try and buy west Florida and New Orleans (Jefferson wanted ports along the Gulf of Mexico) for $10 million As soon as Madison arrives, he is asked how much would they buy the entire Louisiana Territory for? As soon as Madison arrives, he is asked how much would they buy the entire Louisiana Territory for? Madison offers $15 million – France accepts Madison offers $15 million – France accepts Doubled the size of the United States of America Doubled the size of the United States of America

Why? France sold the Louisiana Territory for roughly 4 cents an acre (in Chicago today, an acre could sell for $1 million) France sold the Louisiana Territory for roughly 4 cents an acre (in Chicago today, an acre could sell for $1 million) France realized that they couldn’t have a powerful empire in America France realized that they couldn’t have a powerful empire in America They tried to colonize Haiti but Toussaint- Louverture and African slaves defeated them in 1791 They tried to colonize Haiti but Toussaint- Louverture and African slaves defeated them in 1791 Tried again in 1802, captured Toussaint- Louverture but couldn’t sustain the control (illness and uprisings) Tried again in 1802, captured Toussaint- Louverture but couldn’t sustain the control (illness and uprisings)

LEWIS AND CLARK Pres. Jefferson assigned the mapping of the new territory to Lewis and Clark Meriwether Lewis and William Clark – two skilled frontiersman Meriwether Lewis and William Clark – two skilled frontiersman Started in St. Louis in 1804 Started in St. Louis in 1804 Kept detailed journals and mapped the territory never before explored Kept detailed journals and mapped the territory never before explored

Lewis and Clark’s journey 45 explorers along with American Indians explored the new territory that was acquired in the Louisiana Purchase 45 explorers along with American Indians explored the new territory that was acquired in the Louisiana Purchase After the first winter, they pair hired new guides and interpreters – Sacagawea and her husband After the first winter, they pair hired new guides and interpreters – Sacagawea and her husband

Sacagawea Was invaluable to the expedition Was invaluable to the expedition Showed members of the expedition the best places to fish, hunt, and find wild veggies Showed members of the expedition the best places to fish, hunt, and find wild veggies As an interpreter, she aided the expedition in obtaining needed supplies and materials As an interpreter, she aided the expedition in obtaining needed supplies and materials

Additional help for Lewis and Clark They also had a slave that assisted, named York They also had a slave that assisted, named York York’s presence helped with the relations with the American Indians York’s presence helped with the relations with the American Indians York’s display of strength impressed the Natives-apparently they “never saw a black man before” wrote Clark in his journal York’s display of strength impressed the Natives-apparently they “never saw a black man before” wrote Clark in his journal

Journey They started in St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri River – Crossed the Rocky Mountains – and canoed down the Snake and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean They started in St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri River – Crossed the Rocky Mountains – and canoed down the Snake and Columbia Rivers to the Pacific Ocean They then returned 2 and ½ years later and brought with them plants, animals, bones and pelts, and various soil and mineral samples as evidence. They then returned 2 and ½ years later and brought with them plants, animals, bones and pelts, and various soil and mineral samples as evidence.

Another explorer Zebulon Pike – visted the upper Mississippi River Valley in 1805 and traveled as far west as Colorado, where he discovered the high mountain peak – Pike’s Peak Zebulon Pike – visted the upper Mississippi River Valley in 1805 and traveled as far west as Colorado, where he discovered the high mountain peak – Pike’s Peak

Importance of the Louisiana Purchase 1. Added all or part of 13 new states to the United States 2. Increased the size which made it appear more important to other countries 3. Allowed for more creativity with the Constitution (loose construction) 4. Removed the French from North America 5. Opened the interior of the U.S. for exploration – increased a sense of National Identity