Do-Now: Thomas Jefferson wrote “Our citizens may be deceived for awhile, and have been deceived; but as long as the presses can be protected, we may trust them for light.” Write a 2-paragraph response: What did Jefferson mean in this quotation? Would Thomas Jefferson have approved of the muck-rakers? Agenda : Do now Tests go back Continued Intro to progressivism. Homework : Teddy Roosevelt WS October 1, 2008 Objectives: To become familiar with progressivism and the beginnings of the progressive era.

The Progressive Era Reform shifts from the farm to the city, Then climbs the ladder of government from local  state  national level

Progressive Movement Social Darwinism and “Survival of the fittest” fall out of favor The Progressive Era from 1890 to 1913 was a time when large numbers of people were working to improve society. Many turned away from the idea of “Social Darwinism.” Fine for animals in the wild but American Government should work for all the citizens, not just the fittest ones.

Muckraker: A group of writers & journalists (middle class) who contributed to Progressivism; exposed political & social evils; inspired Americans to take action & join reform groups.

Key Writers or “Muckrakers” Henry George – Progress and Poverty Henry George – Progress and Poverty –Described an unjust real-estate system, proposed land owner tax, rather than land use tax Uptown Sinclair – The Jungle Uptown Sinclair – The Jungle –Exposed the meat packing industry, inspired Pure Food and Drug Act Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Co. Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Co. –Revealed the abuses committed by the Standard Oil Trust Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities –Uncovered gross political corruption in St. Louis and other cities

THINK & DISCUSS: THINK & DISCUSS: How did the muckrakers pave the way for progressive reform?

Some Key Leaders & Groups The Labor Unions The Labor Unions –Organization of workers formed to protect the interest of its members The Socialists The Socialists –Believed in public, or social control of property and income over private control The National Consumer’s League The National Consumer’s League –Women’s group, united local consumers’ leagues, investigated and enforced Florence Kelley Florence Kelley –Worked for labor reform Mary Harris Jones Mary Harris Jones –Organized unions around the country to improve working conditions

One Example of the Work of Progressives Problem Problem –In 1900, the average laborer worked 10 hours a day, 6 days a week for only $1.50 a day.  Women and children were paid even less. Progressives’ Response Progressives’ Response –Florence Kelley: helped organize National Child Labor Committee –NCLC helped 39 states pass child labor laws –Progressives lobbied for :  Laws limiting hours  Higher wages  Improvement in workplace safety

Create-a-Conversation In pairs, meet and create a dialogue In pairs, meet and create a dialogue In it you must discuss: In it you must discuss: –A problem in society –why you are bothered by this problem –What you believe the government should be doing about it –How you intend to force progress, or change Dialogues should be 10 lines or more Dialogues should be 10 lines or more

Problems of the 1890’s Huge Gap between rich and poor Huge Gap between rich and poor Tremendous economic and political power of the rich Tremendous economic and political power of the rich Wealthy flaunted their wealth before a poorer public Wealthy flaunted their wealth before a poorer public

Problems of the 1890’s Industrial workers : living in inhumane filth living in inhumane filth Hideously poor Hideously poor dangerous work conditions dangerous work conditions Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (1890) Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (1890) Little concern for Black America Little concern for Black America

II. Progressive Reformers

A. Streams of Reform The “Social Gospel” movement The “Social Gospel” movement --Walter Rauschenbusch: Christianity and the Social Crisis (1907) Settlement House Workers Settlement House Workers --Jane Addams, Hull House in Chicago (1889) Americans of “Old Wealth” Americans of “Old Wealth”

A. Streams of Reform (cont.) Young, socially- conscious lawyers Young, socially- conscious lawyers Investigative Journalists Investigative Journalists -- “Muckrakers” -- Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, and Upton Sinclair Small businessmen Small businessmen

B. Features of Progressive Reform Desire to remedy problems through government initiative Desire to remedy problems through government initiative Reliance on “experts” Reliance on “experts” -- Robert Lafollette’s “Wisconsin Idea” Wanted reform not revolution Wanted reform not revolution Stressed the importance of efficiency in reform Stressed the importance of efficiency in reform --Frederick W. Taylor

B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.) Want to bring order out of chaos Want to bring order out of chaos --Creation of NCAA in Federal Budget (1921) Desire to make politics more democratic Desire to make politics more democratic Desire to make businessmen more responsible for problems Desire to make businessmen more responsible for problems

B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.) Desire to make society more moral and more just Desire to make society more moral and more just Desire to distribute income more equitably Desire to distribute income more equitably Desire to broaden opportunities for individual advancement Desire to broaden opportunities for individual advancement Women were active in progressivism Women were active in progressivism --Suffragettes like Susan B. Anthony

B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.) Infiltrated both political parties Infiltrated both political parties -- Republican “insurgents” Middle-class reform movement Middle-class reform movement Operated on all three levels of government Operated on all three levels of government

III. Sample Progressive Reforms

A. Political Reforms Tried to put more power into the hands of the people Tried to put more power into the hands of the people Innovative changes in city government Innovative changes in city government --city managers and commission model The Direct Primary The Direct Primary Initiative, Referendum and Recall Initiative, Referendum and Recall The Secret Ballot The Secret Ballot Direct Election of Senators and the Vote for Women Direct Election of Senators and the Vote for Women

B. Social Reforms Child labor laws Child labor laws Ten-hour work days Ten-hour work days --The “Brandeis brief” --Muller v. Oregon (1908) --Bunting v. Oregon (1917) Prohibition initiatives Prohibition initiatives Moral Purity campaigns Moral Purity campaigns --Mann Act (1910)

B. Social Reforms (cont.) Minimum safety standards on the job Minimum safety standards on the job Minimum standards for housing codes Minimum standards for housing codes “City Beautification” movement “City Beautification” movement Immigration Restriction Immigration Restriction Eugenics Eugenics --Buck v. Bell (1927) Little Help for Blacks Little Help for Blacks --NAACP (1909) -- “Birth of a Nation”

IV. Progressive Amendments to the Constitution Progressive reliance on the law Progressive reliance on the law 16 th Amendment (1913)—federal income tax 16 th Amendment (1913)—federal income tax 17 th Amendment (1913)—direct election of senators 17 th Amendment (1913)—direct election of senators 18 th Amendment (1919)—prohibition 18 th Amendment (1919)—prohibition 19 th Amendment (1920)—vote for women 19 th Amendment (1920)—vote for women

V. Presidential Progressivism: Theodore Roosevelt Great drive, energy and exciting personality Great drive, energy and exciting personality TR’s interests and early years TR’s interests and early years NYC police commissioner NYC police commissioner Spanish-American War experience Spanish-American War experience -- “Rough Riders” Political Rise from NY Governor to Vice-President Political Rise from NY Governor to Vice-President

A. First Term as President ( ) McKinley’s assassination McKinley’s assassination Offered energetic national leadership Offered energetic national leadership Cast every issue in moral and patriotic terms Cast every issue in moral and patriotic terms --The “Bully Pulpit” Master Politician Master Politician Modest goals for his “accidental” presidency Modest goals for his “accidental” presidency

B. “Trust- Buster”? TR’s attitude toward Big Business TR’s attitude toward Big Business Wants to regulate in order to get businesses to act right Wants to regulate in order to get businesses to act right The “Square Deal” (1902) The “Square Deal” (1902) Making an example of the Northern Securities Co. Making an example of the Northern Securities Co. The Elkins Act (1903) and the Bureau of Corporations The Elkins Act (1903) and the Bureau of Corporations

C. Second Term as President ( ) More vigorous progressivism More vigorous progressivism Hepburn Act (1906) Hepburn Act (1906) Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Conservation Policy Conservation Policy --Preservation vs. Conservation

VI. “A Tough Act to Follow”: The Presidency of William Howard Taft ( ) The Election of 1908 The Election of 1908 Taft’s political experience Taft’s political experience Taft’s weight Taft’s weight Not a dynamic politician Not a dynamic politician Never completely comfortable as President Never completely comfortable as President

VI. Presidency of Taft (cont.) Controversy over the Tariff Controversy over the Tariff More conservative than TR, but also more trust suits More conservative than TR, but also more trust suits The “Ballinger- Pinchot” Affair The “Ballinger- Pinchot” Affair Growing tension with Teddy Roosevelt Growing tension with Teddy Roosevelt

VII. The Election of 1912 Growing split within the Republican Party Growing split within the Republican Party Creation of the “Bull Moose” Party Creation of the “Bull Moose” Party Progressive Party Platform: “New Nationalism” Progressive Party Platform: “New Nationalism” Democrats drafted Woodrow Wilson Democrats drafted Woodrow Wilson Results of the Election Results of the Election

VIII. Democratic Progressivism: The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson ( ) Wilson’s early life and political career Wilson’s early life and political career True progressive and dynamic speaker True progressive and dynamic speaker Sympathetic to small businessmen Sympathetic to small businessmen Could be a stubborn, moral crusader and ideologue Could be a stubborn, moral crusader and ideologue

A. “New Freedom” Wilson’s brand of progressivism Wilson’s brand of progressivism Wants to recreate the “golden age” of small American businesses Wants to recreate the “golden age” of small American businesses Wilson wants to open channels for free and fair competition Wilson wants to open channels for free and fair competition Historic Jeffersonian approach to federal power Historic Jeffersonian approach to federal power

B. Key Wilsonian Legislation Underwood Tariff Act (1913) Underwood Tariff Act (1913) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Federal Reserve Act (1913) Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Federal Trade Commission (1914) Federal Trade Commission (1914)

C. Congressional Progressivism After 1914 Wilson was not a strong progressive when it came to social reform Wilson was not a strong progressive when it came to social reform Congress takes over the progressive agenda Congress takes over the progressive agenda Appointment of Brandeis to Supreme Court Appointment of Brandeis to Supreme Court Examples of congressional progressive legislation after 1914 Examples of congressional progressive legislation after Federal Highways Act (1916)

IX. The Waning of the Progressive Movement Progressive movement peaks by 1917 Progressive movement peaks by 1917 Success of the movement led to its decline Success of the movement led to its decline Advent of World War I also hurt progressive activism Advent of World War I also hurt progressive activism Progressives themselves began to weary of their reform zeal—as did the nation as a whole Progressives themselves began to weary of their reform zeal—as did the nation as a whole Ironically, voter participation has steadily declined since the election of 1912 Ironically, voter participation has steadily declined since the election of 1912