Unit Three: 600 to 1450

Remember the acronym… F eudalism I slam N omadic Empire A sian dominance N ew World Empire C rusades E uropean recovery S yncretism

…and the song. UNIT THREE Feudalism, Rise of Islam Great Schism, Crusades too Mansa Musa, Ghana; Turks, Vikings, and Mongols; Chinese rule, Unit Three

Centralized Empires China – Tang Dynasty (618 to 908) – Song Dynasty (960 to 1279) – Yuan Dynasty (1279 to 1368) – Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644) Islamic Caliphates – Umayyad Caliphate (661) – Abbasid Caliphate Byzantine Empire (4 th c. to 1453) Africa – Kingdom of Ghana (500 to 1200) – Kingdom of Mali (1235 to 1400s) South America: Inca (1400 to 1540)

Decentralized States Western Europe – Early Middle Ages (500 to 1000) – High Middle Ages (1000 to 1450) sees increased political power Japan (600 to 1000) East African City-States (900 to 1500) Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1500s) The Americas: Maya, Aztec

Centralized Empires China – Tang Dynasty (618 to 908) Civil service exam, Grand Canal, scholars valued, religious toleration until anti-Buddhist backlash, Changan, taxes and rebellion returns to regional rule

– Song Dynasty (960 to 1279) Tribute system, scholar army ineffective – inflation – northern invasion weakens = Southern Song, Economic Revolution, footbinding – INNOVATIONS: paper money and flying cash, printing press with movable type, gunpowder, magnetic compass, Neo-Confucianism

– Yuan Dynasty (1279 to 1368) Mongol dynasty under Kublai Khan, no civil service exam, foreigners in gov, diff laws for native Chinese, merchants welcomed, “pony express”, Marco Polo

– Ming “Bright” Dynasty (1368 to 1644) Confucian education and civil service reinstated, Jesuit missionaries, Emperor Yongle (Forbidden City, Encyclopedia, Zheng He’s voyages), turn inward

Other areas of East and Southeast Asia Srivijaya and Majapahit – Srivijaya: 8 th c. trading society (primarily spices) on island of Sumatra; conquered by Chola in 1025 – Majapahit on island of Java rose after Srivijaya in 13 th c. Korea and Koryo Dynasty (900s) – Previous dynasties closely tied to Tang; Koryo still copied civil service and bureaucracy; Zen and Tendai Buddhism; slavery important; Mongols conquered; when Mongols overthrown by Ming, Koryo overthrown by Yi dynasty

Angkor – Khmer kingdom (today Cambodia) rose in 9 th c. and powerful until 16 th c.; Angkor Wat built from 1113 to 1150 and portrays Hindu mythology; Thai destroyed capitol of Ankor Thom in 1432

Islamic Caliphates – Umayyad Caliphate ( ) Hereditary monarchy, Damascus, spread to Syria, Egypt, Persia, Byzantine SW Asia, N Africa, Spain, culturally tolerant, Arabic common language

– Abbasid Caliphate ( ) Baghdad, slaves (Mamluks) served in army and weaken Abbasid rule, too large to rule, Dar-al-Islam

Byzantine Empire (4 th c. to 1453) – Strong central government of heredity monarchy, emperor (Patriarch) also head of Church (Eastern Orthodox split in 1054) – Justinian ( ): failed to reconquer Western Rome, Justinian’s Code, Greek official language

Africa – Domesticated camel increased interaction – Kingdom of Ghana (500 to 1200) Trans-Saharan trade center, gold and salt, tax on trade built large army, kings convert to Islam, assaulted by northern Berbers – Kingdom of Mali (1235 to 1400s) Taxed trade, Islamic rulers, Mansa Musa, Timbuktu

Inca (1400 to 1540) – South American Andes Mountains, somewhat centralized, polytheistic, worship of sun, patriarchal w/ very few rights for women, ancestor revered, NO written language

Decentralized States Western Europe: Early Middle Ages (500 to 1000) – Franks: Clovis and Carolingians under Charlemagne – Feudalism: lord-vassal land exchanged for military service and loyalty; chivalry develops – Serfs tied to land on large estates called manors (self- sufficient) – Women: noblewomen had more power than peasants, marriage key to power, nunneries offer alternative – Catholic Church centralizing power, monks preserve classical knowledge

Europe c. 998 CE

Japan (600 to 1000) – Yamato clan: emperors of Japan (unsuccessful at unification), Fujiwara clan: strict hereditary hierarchy – Kamarkura Shogunate: Japanese form of feudalism develops (Shogun, daimyo, samurai, bushido), emperor figurehead – Genin: landless laborers bought and sold as slaves – Shinto: everything possessed by spirit (kami) – Influenced by China: technology, writing, Buddhism (Zen)…until Heian period when contact cut off ( )

East African City-States (900 to 1500) – Bantu and Arabic merchants mix through Indian Ocean trade = Swahili – Independent trading cities develop (Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala) – Governed by kings who taxed trade; ruling elite and merchants converted to Islam – Great Zimbabwe (1200s): stone complex in East Africa

Delhi Sultanate ( ) – Series of Islamic ruling dynasties – Absorbed into Mughal Empire in 1526

The Americas Maya (300 to 900) – Influenced by Olmecs, Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, pyramids, polytheism, independent city-states linked by trade Aztec (1400 to 1521) – Mesoamerica, militant warriors, severe despots, polytheistic with human sacrifice, decentralized city-states paid tribute

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Nomadic Empire Vikings (800 to 1100) – Colonized Iceland and Greenland, landed in North America – Terrorized Europe, banded them together – Opened up trade and revived economy – Foundation of permanent governments / assimiliation Normandy (1066) and invasion of England Rus and foundation of first Russian state

Turks (1000 to 1450) – Seljuk Turks as a threat to Byzantines (call for help led to Crusades) and to Abbasid Caliphate (capture of Baghdad in 1055)

– Afghan Turks began raids into India, looting cities and destroying Hindu temples, THEN start Delhi Sultanate (1206 to 1526) – Ottoman Turks sack Constantinople in 1453

Mongols and Ilkanates (1200 to 1550) – Successful because of mobility, military strategy, psychological warfare – Genghis Khan died and divided among sons – Diffusion of culture and Pax Mongolia – Failures against Mamluks (Egypt) and Japan – Mongolian Khanates China’s Yuan Dynasty Middle East Ilkanates Russia: The Golden Horde – Decline: poor administrators, overspending/ inflation, weak leadership, rivlary destabilized

Impact of Interaction Africa – Rise of West African Kingdoms – Christianity in North and East Africa – Rise of East African City-States Europe – Pre-modern economy developing by 1100 – Increased trade stimulates growth of commercial cities (Bruges, Hamburg, Florence)

Crusades – Fourth Crusade sacking Constantinople – Encouraged trade with Muslim merchants – Demand for Asian goods increased – Rise of city-states like Venice and Genoa – Reintroduced to goods, technology, and culture of outside world

Long-distance trade – Silk Road, Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea – Cities along trade routes grew substantially: Ex. Melakka, Hangzhou, Samarkand, Baghdad, Kilwa, Venice, Timbuktu

Missionary Work – Buddhism Theraveda: stricter, SE Asia Mahayana: Central and East Asia, tolerance, adapted to polytheism Concept of personal salvation and syncretism makes it popular

– Christianity Roman Catholicism in W Europe, Eastern Orthodox in E Europe and Russia Syncretism: pagan heroes (saints) mediators between God and people, polytheistic holidays incorporated by placing Christian holidays on same day Nestorian Christianity in Mesopotamia and Persia

– Islam Military conquest and trade/missionary activity Tolerance and non-Muslim tax Simple message of what to do/not do, lower class welcomed with emphasis on charity Syncretism: West Africa kings still divine and women still prominent, East Africa mixed Arabic with African languages to make Swahili

Agricultural and Technological Diffusion – Increase in maritime trade and exploration (magnetic compass from China to Europe) – Italian Mediterranean plantations and increase in slave labor (sugarcane from SW Asia) – Increase in gunpowder weapon technology (From China to Persia, ME, Europe via Mongols) Long-distance travelers – Ibn Battuta – Marco Polo – Rabban Sauma

Disease (1340s to 1600s) – Black Plague Spread along trade routes from SW Asia Population decreased dramatically = labor shortages and creation of labor saving technology, peasant rebellion and demanding higher wages = weakening of feudal system Anti-Semitism increased & some Christians questioned faith