Jan McElroy PT, MS, PCS 2009 Do not copy without permission

In the spine there are 33 vertebral segments: 7 cervical vertebrae C1-7 (C1-7) 12 thoracic vertebrae T1-12 (T1-12) 5 lumbar vertebrae L1-5 (L1-5) 5 sacral vertebrae (fused into a single bone called the sacrum sacrum ) 4 coccygeal bones (fused into a single bone called the coccyx or tail bone coccyx or tail bone ) Cervical C1-7 Thoracic T1-12 Lumbar L1-5 Sacrum Coccyx

The vertebrae belonging to each section of the spine have specific morphologic characteristics which are related to the function of the region. cervical vertebra thoracic vertebra lumbar vertebra From: McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Gutchings, Marks, 4 th edition

thoracic vertebra From: McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Gutchings, Marks, 4 th edition However, all vertebrae are composed of the same basic parts: 1.vertebral body 2.pedicle (one on each side) 3.transverse process (one on each side) 4.spinous process 5.articular surface for facet 6.lamina (one on each side) 7.vertebral foramen

There are 2 types of curves found in a typical spine when standing: kyphosis & scoliosis. Both occur in the sagittal plane. Kyphosis a spinal curve that is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly typically found in the thoracic and the sacrococcygeal regions of the spine Lordosis a spinal curve that is convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly typically found in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine Typical Cervical Lordosis Typical Thoracic Kyphosis Typical Lumbar Lordosis AnteriorPosterior

It is important to note that: excessive or fixed postural kyphotic and lordodic curves in the spine are NOT typical scoliosis postural curves (present and/or fixed) in the spinal column in the frontal and transverse planes are NOT typical…these are called scoliosis. scoliosis excessive thoraco-lumbar lordosis excessive thoracic kyphosis during sitting

During dynamic movement, the spinal curves in the sagittal plane vary and change shape according to the demands of the task. Demands of the task are also met with dynamic spinal curve movements in the frontal and transverse planes. Everything changes when we begin to move!!!!

 Deepest muscles  Interspinalis  Intertransversarus  Intermediate muscles  Rotators  Multifidi  Semispinalis  Erector Spinae (more superficial)  Iliocostalis  Longissimus  Spinalis ***Note the lateral position of the iliocostalis & longissimus muscles Drawings adapted from Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, Neumann 2002

The intermediate layer consists only of the serratus posterior superior and the serratus posterior inferior Currently, these muscles are not thought to play a role in movement. Instead, they are believed to assist in respiration. From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

 Trapezius › Upper › Middle › lower  Rhomboids  Levator Scapula  Serratus Anterior  Latissimus Dorsi From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

Superficial to Deep  Rectus abdominus › 3 sections  External Obliques  Internal Obliques  Transverse abdominus From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist Anterior view Posterior view

1. Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank Netter 2. McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Hutchings, & Marks 3. Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, Donald Neumann 4. Anatomy Coloring Book, Kapit & Elson