Anatomy and Physiology Biology 112 Tri-County Technical College Pendleton, SC

A & P Jeopardy …study of the structure of body parts …study of how body parts work …tiny building blocks of matter that combine to form molecules …smallest unit of all living things …groups of similar cells that have a common function

A&P Jeopardy…ctd. …composed of two or more tissue types with a common function …group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purpose …composed of 11 organ systems; the highest level of organization …moves the human body as a whole and moves things inside the body

Same song, different verse… …composed of glands that produce hormones …composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints …composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors …composed of heart and blood vessels

One more time…with feeling …returns fluid leaked from blood to the blood vessels …eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body …the liver and pancreas belong to this system …supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide …system that can be used to continue the species

What it are…? ANATOMY is study of structure and shape of body and body parts and their relationship to one another Gross versus microscopic PHYSIOLOGY is study of how the body and its parts work or function Neuro, cardiac, and others TWO are ALWAYS RELATED

Structural Organization Subatomic particles  atoms  molecules  Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  Organism  Human systems include integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive

Integumentary Functions Integumentary is external covering of body (skin) Waterproofs/cushions body & protects deeper tissues from injuries Excretes salts and urea in perspiration Helps regulate body temperature Temperature, pressure, pain receptors located in skin

Skeletal Functions Composed of bone, cartilages, ligaments, and joints Supports body/provides framework for skeletal muscles to cause movement Protective function (skull/vertebral column) Hematopoiesis occurs in cavities of skeleton

Muscular Functions Composed of muscles that have one function—to contract (shorten) Muscles can be viewed as machines of body Mobility reflects activity of skeletal muscles Skeletal muscles distinct from muscles of heart and other hollow organs which move fluids (blood/urine/food)

Nervous Functions Body’s fast acting control system Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors Irritability (respond to stimuli from within and without body) Sensory receptors  nerve impulses  brain and spinal cord (CNS)  processes info  responds by activating effectors (muscles/glands/etc.)

Endocrine Functions Body’s slow control system Produces chemical molecules (hormones) that travel in blood Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, & testes Controls/regulates other structures/organs Growth, reproduction, food use, etc.

Cardiovascular Functions Heart and blood vessels primary organs Uses blood as transporting fluid for oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells where exchanges occur WBCs and chemicals in blood help protect body from bacteria, toxins, & tumor cells Heart acts as the “blood pump”

Lymphatic Functions Complements the CV system Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs (tonsils/spleen) Return fluid leaked from blood back to blood vessels for continuing circulation Lymph nodes/lymphoid organs help cleanse blood and house cells involved in immunity

Respiratory Functions Keeps body supplied with oxygen and purged of carbon dioxide Nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Tiny alveoli (air sacs) actual site of gas exchange

Digestive Functions Basically tube from mouth to anus Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, and rectum Break down food and deliver products to blood Small intestine vs. large intestine Liver (bile) and pancreas (enzymes) part of this system

Urinary Functions Ridding body of nitrogenous wastes from metabolism of proteins/nucleic acids Urea and uric acid Often called “excretory system” Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Assists in water balance, ionic balances, and acid-base balance of blood

Reproductive Functions Exists “PRIMARILY” to produce offspring Only system NOT essential to survival of the individual Testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system in males Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females

Homeostasis Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite changes internally/externally “Needs met and functioning smoothly” All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least 3 components Receptor, Control Center, and Effector

Homeostatic Pathways Receptor is some type of sensor Monitors and responds to change Responds to change (stimuli) by sending information (input) to Control Center Info flows to CC via afferent pathway Control Center determines LEVEL (set point) is maintained, analyzes info received, and determines appropriate response or action

Pathways, ctd. Effector provides means for CC’s response (output) to stimulus Info flows from CC to Effector via efferent pathway Results of response feed back to influence stimulus Feedback mechanism can either be NEGATIVE or POSITIVE

Negative Feedback Depresses stimulus so that whole control mechanism is reduced or turned off Examples include body’s thermostat, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, blood levels of glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood, and mineral balances in system Most CC responses are negative feedback

Positive Feedback Enhances stimulus so reaction continues at even faster/more intense rate Increases original disturbance (stimulus) and pushes variable further from its original value Blood clotting, delivery, and nursing Time for an Estesism…YEAH!!!! “Homeostatic Imbalance”

Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate