8.1 The First President Objectives What actions were taken to launch the new government? How did Hamilton propose to strengthen the economy?

Precedent Tradition George Washington established precedents that all future Presidents would follow.

Presidential Requirements natural-born citizens of the United States at least thirty-five years old must have been resident in the United States for at least fourteen years

President Can be elected to 2 Terms for a total of 10 years

Cabinet Made up of the heads (leaders) of the following departments and the Attorney General. State Department Secretary of State - Thomas Jefferson Treasury Department Secretary of Treasury - Alexander Hamilton War Department Secretary of War - Henry Knox Attorney General - Edmund Randolph Advise the President

Judiciary Act of 1789 Established a federal court system 13 district courts 3 circuit courts State laws remain, but federal courts have power to reverse state decisions

National Debt The amount of money the national government owes.

Bonds Paper notes promising to repay the money in a certain time. During the American Revolution the government sold bonds to help pay for the war effort. WWII War Bond

Speculator A person who risks their own money with the hope of making a profit in the future.

Financial Problems Should the government pay off its debt to other countries? Should the government pay off its debt that it had borrowed from the people in the form of bonds?

National Debt Alexander Hamilton - pay off all debt Pay off debt to other nations = improve the financial reputation and respect of the country Pay off debt it owed its bond holders. Pay off all state debts = would provide states with a vested interest in the success of the country

National Debt Opposition to Hamilton Original bond owners had sold their bonds to speculators at less then the face value. Southern states had less debt then Northern states and felt that it was unfair for them to have to pay the same as Northern states.

“Do Now” Write down and answer the following questions in your notes. Speculators often bought old war bonds at 10 cents on the dollar and later sold them at full values, making huge profits. A speculator buys a bond worth $50.00. At 10 cents per dollar, how much did he pay for the bond? What was his profit? If he bought 100 bonds what would his profit be?

Speculators profits How much did he pay What was his profit? * $50.00 x .10 =? = $5.00 What was his profit? $50.00-$5.00 = = $45.00 If he bought 100 bonds what would his profit be? $45.00 x 100 = =4,500.00

8.2 Early Challenges Objectives How did the federal government assert its power in the West? Why did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts?

Neutrality not choosing a side The United States tried to maintain its neutrality in the conflict between France and Britain.

Impressment Forcing people into military service During Great Britain’s war with France, Great Britain used a policy of Impressment with American sailors.

“Do Now” In your notes, write down and answer the following questions. How did the federal government assert its power in the West? How did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts

How did the federal government assert its power over the west? In the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Washington sent an army into Northwest territory Army lead by Anthony Wayne defeated Shawnee Chief Blue jacket and his army. Defeat crushed the Native Americans hopes of keeping their land Treaty of Greenville 1795 Native Americans agreed to surrender most of the land in present-day Ohio

How did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts? Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality Prohibited American citizens from fighting in the French and British War Barred French and British warships from American ports

How did the United States try to stay out of European conflicts? Washington sent John Jay (U.S. Chief Justice) to England to negotiate a peaceful settlement to end British Impressment of U.S. sailors Jay’s Treaty Britain agreed to withdraw from American soil Britain had to pay damage for ships they seized American ships allowed to trade with British colonies in Caribbean Settled all debts from before 1776 People not happy with Treaty Treaty did not deal with the British policy of Impressment

Washington’s Farewell Address Warned future leaders against… Political Parties Permanent Alliances

Political Parties Federalist Alexander Hamilton Democratic-Republican Rule by wealthy class Strong federal gov’t British Alliance National Bank Protective tariffs Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson Rule by the people Strong state gov’t French Alliance State Bank Free Trade

Partisan To favor one side of an issue

Unconstitutional When something is unconstitutional it is inconsistent with the Constitution. In other words the Constitution does not allow it.

Implied Powers Powers that were note expressly forbidden in the Constitution Hamilton Believed implied powers are powers that are to be used to help government carry out the expressed powers. Thomas Jefferson & James Madison Believed implied powers are powers that are to be used only when they are absolutely necessary to carry out the expressed powers

Caucus

Alien Immigrants living in the country who were not citizens. 1790’s many Europeans came to U.S. Alien acts Made it difficult for aliens (immigrants) to become citizens Gave the President the power to throw anyone he wanted out of the United States

Sedition Activities that are aimed at weakening established government. Sedition act Made it a crime to criticize the government

Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 U.S. congress passed laws to protect the nation;s security. Laws came to be known as the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act - required immigrants to be residents of the U.S. for 14 years to be eligible for Citizenship. Alien Acts - Allowed the president to imprison immigrants, or send those he considered dangerous out of the country. Sedition Act - Made it a crime to speak, write, or publish “false, scandalous, and malicious” criticisms of the gov’t. Led to the movement to allow states the power to overturn Federal Laws.

Nullify To legally overturn The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Claimed that the Alien and Sedition acts were unconstitutional Kentucky Resolution Gave states the power to nullify federal laws if they were considered unconstitutional

States’ Rights The principle that limits the federal government to those powers clearly assigned to it by the Constitution and reserving to the states all other powers not expressly forbidden to them. Keep an eye out for the issue of States’ Rights as you read the next few Chapters.