Unit I: Nutrition and Diet Therapy Allied Health II

Fundamentals of Nutrition Nutrition: those processes that allow the body to use food for energy, maintenance of health, and growth. Nutrition: those processes that allow the body to use food for energy, maintenance of health, and growth. Nutritional status: the state of one’s nutrition Nutritional status: the state of one’s nutrition Wellness: state of good health with optimal body function (requires good nutrition) Wellness: state of good health with optimal body function (requires good nutrition)

Fundamentals Of Nutrition Cont. Nutrition plays a large role in determining:  Height  Weight  Strength  Skeletal and muscle development  Physical ability  Resistance to disease  Appetite  Posture  Complexion  Mental ability  Emotional and psychological health

Fundamentals of Nutrition… Immediate effects of good nutrition include: * Healthy appearance * Good attitude * Proper sleep and bowel habits * Enthusiasm * Freedom from anxiety

Essential Nutrients Composed of chemical elements found in food Composed of chemical elements found in food Used by the body to perform body functions Used by the body to perform body functions Nutrients in food replace those used by the body Nutrients in food replace those used by the body Essential nutrients divided into six groups Essential nutrients divided into six groups

Carbohydrates Major source of human energy Major source of human energy Simple carbs dissolve readily in Simple carbs dissolve readily in cold water cold water Complex carbs don’t dissolve readily and aren’t “sweet” (oats, barley, starches) Complex carbs don’t dissolve readily and aren’t “sweet” (oats, barley, starches) Main sources: bread, cereals, pasta, crackers, potatoes, corn, peas, fruits, sugars and syrups Main sources: bread, cereals, pasta, crackers, potatoes, corn, peas, fruits, sugars and syrups Cellulose: indigestible carbohydrates, provides bulk (bran, whole-grain cereal, fibrous fruits and veggies) Cellulose: indigestible carbohydrates, provides bulk (bran, whole-grain cereal, fibrous fruits and veggies)

Fats Concentrated form of energy – twice as many calories as the same amt of carbs / protein Concentrated form of energy – twice as many calories as the same amt of carbs / protein Help cushion organs and bones Help cushion organs and bones Aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Provide flavor to meals Provide flavor to meals Main sources: butter, margarine, oils, creams, fatty meats, cheeses, and egg yolk Main sources: butter, margarine, oils, creams, fatty meats, cheeses, and egg yolk Classified as saturated or polyunsaturated Classified as saturated or polyunsaturated Cholesterol- fatty substance found in body cells and animal fats-found in egg yolk, fatty meats, shellfish, butter, cream. Cheese, whole milk, and organ meats Cholesterol- fatty substance found in body cells and animal fats-found in egg yolk, fatty meats, shellfish, butter, cream. Cheese, whole milk, and organ meats Everyone needs some cholesterol - Excess cholesterol is believed to contribute to arteriosclerosis Everyone needs some cholesterol - Excess cholesterol is believed to contribute to arteriosclerosis

Fats… LDL – low density lipoproteins (bad)…carries fat to cells LDL – low density lipoproteins (bad)…carries fat to cells HDL – high density lipoproteins (good)…carries excess fat from cells to liver to be broken down HDL – high density lipoproteins (good)…carries excess fat from cells to liver to be broken down

Proteins Build and repair body tissue Build and repair body tissue Provide heat and energy Provide heat and energy Help produce antibodies Help produce antibodies Made up of 22 amino acids (9 are essential – complete protein – body can’t create these…must get them from diet) Made up of 22 amino acids (9 are essential – complete protein – body can’t create these…must get them from diet) Main sources/complete proteins: meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Main sources/complete proteins: meat, fish, milk, cheese, eggs Incomplete proteins: cereal, soybeans, dry beans, peas and peanuts Incomplete proteins: cereal, soybeans, dry beans, peas and peanuts Body can’t store excess protein…excreted as urea Body can’t store excess protein…excreted as urea

Vitamins Organic compounds that are essential to life Organic compounds that are essential to life Regulate body functions Regulate body functions Repair body tissue Repair body tissue Only a small amount required-well balanced diet provides required vitamins Only a small amount required-well balanced diet provides required vitamins Excess or deficiency can cause poor health Excess or deficiency can cause poor health Water soluble (9) or fat soluble (A,D,E,K) Water soluble (9) or fat soluble (A,D,E,K)

Minerals Inorganic (nonliving) elements found in all body tissue Inorganic (nonliving) elements found in all body tissue Regulate body functions Regulate body functions Build and repair body tissue Build and repair body tissue They include: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, iodine, fluorine and others They include: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, iodine, fluorine and others

Water Found in all body tissues Found in all body tissues Essential for digestion Essential for digestion Makes up most of blood plasma Makes up most of blood plasma Helps body tissue absorb nutrients Helps body tissue absorb nutrients Helps move waste material through body Helps move waste material through body Average person should drink 6-8 glasses of water a day Average person should drink 6-8 glasses of water a day Only nutrient we sense a need for…thirst Only nutrient we sense a need for…thirst

Utilization of Nutrients Digestion-breaks down the foods we eat Digestion-breaks down the foods we eat 1. Mechanical or chemical 1. Mechanical or chemical 2. Peristalsis 2. Peristalsis Absorption-process of taking in nutrients by the body Absorption-process of taking in nutrients by the body 1. Most absorption occurs in the small 1. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine intestine 2. Water, salts, and some vitamins in 2. Water, salts, and some vitamins in large intestine large intestine

Utilization of Nutrients Cont. Metabolism-use of nutrients by the body Metabolism-use of nutrients by the body 1. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) 1. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) Measuring Food Energy Measuring Food Energy 1. Calorie-the amount of heat produced 1. Calorie-the amount of heat produced during metabolism during metabolism 2. Most people use an average of 3, Most people use an average of 3,500 calories per day calories per day 3. To lose weight, a person must take in 3. To lose weight, a person must take in fewer calories then are burned fewer calories then are burned 4. To gain weight, a person must take in more calories then the person uses 4. To gain weight, a person must take in more calories then the person uses

Therapeutic Diets Regular Diet Regular Diet A balanced diet usually used for the ambulatory patient. A balanced diet usually used for the ambulatory patient. Foods such as rich desserts, cream sauces, salad dressings, and fried foods may be decreased or omitted. Foods such as rich desserts, cream sauces, salad dressings, and fried foods may be decreased or omitted.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Liquid diets Liquid diets Include both clear and full liquids. Include both clear and full liquids. Foods included on the clear diet are mainly carbohydrates and water, including apple or grape juice, plain gelatin, ginger ale, and tea or coffee with sugar. Foods included on the clear diet are mainly carbohydrates and water, including apple or grape juice, plain gelatin, ginger ale, and tea or coffee with sugar. Foods included in the full liquid diet are strained soups, fruits and vegetable juices, ice cream, custard, pudding, and eggnog. Foods included in the full liquid diet are strained soups, fruits and vegetable juices, ice cream, custard, pudding, and eggnog.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Soft diet Soft diet Foods must require little chewing and be easy to digest. Foods must require little chewing and be easy to digest. Foods to avoid are meat, shellfish, spicy foods, rich desserts, fried foods, nuts, and coconut. Foods to avoid are meat, shellfish, spicy foods, rich desserts, fried foods, nuts, and coconut.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Diabetic diet Used for patients with diabetes mellitus. The diet contains exchange list that group foods according to type, nutrients, and caloric contents. Patients are allowed a certain number of items from each exchange list according to there individual needs.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Low-cholesterol diet Low-cholesterol diet Foods high in saturated fat, such as beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg, yolk, cream cheese, natural cheeses, and whole milk are limited. Foods high in saturated fat, such as beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg, yolk, cream cheese, natural cheeses, and whole milk are limited.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Fat-restricted diets Fat-restricted diets Also called lo-fat diets. Also called lo-fat diets. Examples to avoid include cream, whole milk, cheeses, fats, fatty meats, rich desserts, chocolate, nuts, coconuts, nuts, fried foods, and salad dressings. Examples to avoid include cream, whole milk, cheeses, fats, fatty meats, rich desserts, chocolate, nuts, coconuts, nuts, fried foods, and salad dressings.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Sodium-restricted diet Patients should avoid or limit adding salt to food, smoked meats or fish, processed foods, pickles, olives, sauerkraut, and some processed cheeses.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Protein diet Protein diet Protein rich foods include meats, fish, milks, cheeses, and eggs. Protein rich foods include meats, fish, milks, cheeses, and eggs.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Bland diet Bland diet Consist of easily digested foods that do not irritate the digestive tract. Consist of easily digested foods that do not irritate the digestive tract. Foods to be avoided include coarse foods, fried foods, highly seasoned foods, pastries, candies, raw fruits and vegetables, smoked and salted meats, whole grain breads, etc. Foods to be avoided include coarse foods, fried foods, highly seasoned foods, pastries, candies, raw fruits and vegetables, smoked and salted meats, whole grain breads, etc.

Therapeutic Diets Cont. Low-residue diet Low-residue diet Eliminates or limits foods that are high in bulk and fiber. Eliminates or limits foods that are high in bulk and fiber. Examples of such food include raw fruits and vegetables, whole-grain breads and cereals, nuts, seeds, beans, peas, coconut, and fried food. Examples of such food include raw fruits and vegetables, whole-grain breads and cereals, nuts, seeds, beans, peas, coconut, and fried food.