1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 1 Exploring Life and Science Lecture Outline Part 1 Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht

2 Exploring Life and Science

3 Points to ponder What is biology? What characterizes life? How do we classify life? Where do humans fit into the big picture? How do we study science? Where is scientific information published and what should you be aware of?

4 What characteristics are shared by living organisms? Organized from the atom to the ___________ Use materials and energy from the environment Maintain a relatively constant internal environment (____________) That word is really important!!!!!!!!! Respond to internal and external stimuli Reproduce and _____ Have an evolutionary history through which organisms _______ over time 1.1 The Characteristics of Life

5 How are living things organized? 1.1 The Characteristics of Life Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. nervous systemshoot system leaf photosynthetic tissue plant cell brain nervous tissue neuron Biosphere Regions of the Earth’s crust, waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things Ecosystem A community plus the physical environment Community Interacting populations in a particular area Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems Organ System Composed of several organs working together Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons Figure 1.2 Levels of biological organization.

6 How do we classify humans? HumanHouse cat DomainEukaryaEukarya KingdomAnimaliaAnimalia PhylumChordataChordata ClassMammaliaMammalia OrderPrimatesCarnivora FamilyHominidae Felidae Genus______Felis Species______domesticus 1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals

7 What distinguishes humans? Cultural heritage or patterns of our behavior passed from one generation to the next Highly developed brains Completely _______stance Creative __________ skills Varied tool use Modification of our environment for our own purpose which may threaten the biosphere 1.2 Humans Are Related to Other Animals

8 What do we know about science? Science is a way of knowing about the natural world. Science and scientists should be ________. Scientific conclusions may change or be modified as our _______________ and technology increase. Science is studied using the _______________. 1.3 Science as a Process

9 Scientific theories in biology 1.3 Science as a Process

10 The steps of the scientific method 1.3 Science as a Process The results are analyzed, and the hypothesis is supported or rejected. Many experiments and observations support a theory. The hypothesis is tested by experiment or further observations. Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement. New observations are made, and previous data are studied. Hypothesis Observation Experiment/Observations Conclusion Scientific Theory Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 1.8 The scientific method.

11 Observations: Many patients had a particular bacterium near their ulcers. ___________: Helicobacter pylori is the cause of gastritis and ulcers. How the cause of ulcers was discovered: The scientific method in action 1.3 Science as a Process

12 ______________________: 1 st – H. pylori was isolated and grown from ulcer patients. 2 nd – Humans swallowing a H. pylori solution developed inflammation in their stomachs. ____________: H. pylori was the cause of most ulcers and can be cured by antibiotics. How the cause of ulcers was discovered: The scientific method in action 1.3 Science as a Process

13 A controlled study ___________ Experimental variable is the variable that is purposely changed or manipulated. All other variables need to remain constant. Groups Test group is a group of subjects that are exposed to the ___________________. ______________ is a group for comparison that is not exposed to the experimental variable. 1.3 Science as a Process