Situating Sexual Harassment in the Broader Context of Interpersonal Violence: Research, Theory and Policy Implications Margaret S. Stockdale Joel T. Nadler.

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Situating Sexual Harassment in the Broader Context of Interpersonal Violence: Research, Theory and Policy Implications Margaret S. Stockdale Joel T. Nadler Stockdale, M. S. & Nadler, J. T. (2011). Situating Sexual Harassment in the Broader Context of Interpersonal Violence: Research, Theory and Policy Implications. Invited article for publication in Social Issues and Policy Review.

North Country – Lois Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite (1993)

Linkages between SH and IPV Common underlying and overarching conditions – Imbalance of power and patriarchy – Common perpetrator characteristics Empirical connections – Revictimization and Co-Victimization – Co-perpetration – Organizational culture

How are SH and IPV empirically related?

IPV Perpetrator Partner or Family Member Strangers or Other IPV Precedes SH I. REVICTIMIZATION- INTIMATE (e.g., CSA by family member; Intimate Partner Violence) II. REVICTIMIZATION-OTHER (e.g., rape or CSA by non- family member) IPV Concurrent with SH III. CO-VICTIMIZATION- INTIMATE (e.g., Dissolved workplace romance; Intimate Partner Violence) IV. CO-VICTIMIZATION –OTHER (e.g., Harassment and violence-prone organizational cultures) Relationships between IPV and SH Stockdale & Nadler, 2011

Cluster Analysis of Female Veterans (n=268, 72% African American) Cluster 1 (36%) "Low All" Cluster 2 (16%) "High All" Cluster 3 (22%) "Sexual Revictimization with SH" Cluster 4 (26%) "IPV with SH" CSA (0-4) ASA (0-6) IPV (0-10) SH (0-10) Source: Campbell, R., Greeson, M. R., Raja, S., & Bybee, D. (2008). The co-occurrence of childhood sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, intimate partner violence, and sexual harassment: A mediational model of posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76,

Multiple Victimization Surveys: Military Rosen & Martin (1998) – 1051 male, 305 female soldiers – 3 U.S. Army posts Cross-sectional, self report survey of prior childhood abuse and recent SH

MANOVA Results (Fs): Child Trauma variables predicting SH experiences for female (F) and male (M) soldiers Child Trauma Questionnaire Sexual Abuse Physical- emotional Emotional- Neglect Physical-Neglect FMFMFMFM Gender Harassment *** *** *** Unwanted Sexual Attention *** *** ** * *** Coercion *** 7.47 ** *** Source: Rosen, L. N., & Martin, L. (1998). Childhood maltreatment history as a risk factor for sexual harassment among U.S. Army soldiers. Violence & Victims, 13,

MANOVA Results (Fs): Child Trauma variables predicting SH experiences for female (F) and male (M) soldiers Child Trauma Questionnaire Sexual Abuse Physical- emotional Emotional- Neglect Physical-Neglect FMFMFMFM Gender Harassment *** *** *** Unwanted Sexual Attention *** *** ** * *** Coercion *** 7.47 ** *** Source: Rosen, L. N., & Martin, L. (1998). Childhood maltreatment history as a risk factor for sexual harassment among U.S. Army soldiers. Violence & Victims, 13,

Kentucky DVO Study  757 Women Recruited from Kentucky Court – DVO (1/2 Urban)  Baseline Survey (life time abuse history, health history, employment history, etc.)  1 Year Follow up survey – n=710 (94% follow up rate)  Intervening IPV, SH, SH Scenario, recent employment history, current health, etc.  Participants with recent employment history (n=445) – final sample.  78% White, nonHispanic, 46% service workers, 76% fulltime Supported by Grant # AA12735 and the University of Kentucky General Clinical Research Organization funded by the National Institute of Health Grant #M01RR02602, TK Logan, Principal Investigator

MSDabcde a. SH b. Child sexual abuse c. Child nonsexual abuse d. Partner IPV e. Nonpartner IPV f. PTSD symptoms Prospective Correlations between prior IPV and SH: Revictimization Stockdale, Berry & Logan, 2010;

Co-Victimization in the Military 54% of active-duty female military personnel who experienced sexual assault in the military also experienced SH by same perpetrator (38% for men) 99.7% of VA recipients who experienced sexual assault also experienced SH About 25% of active-duty female Air Force military experiencing sexual assault also reported SH by a supervisor (different perpetrator). Bostock & Daley, 2007; Campbell et al. 2008; Harned et al., 2002; Rock et al., 2011; Skinner et al., 2000

Theoretical Explanations for Re- Victimization & Co-Victimization Macrosystem Exosystem Microsystem Ontogenic Bronfrenbrenner, 1977; Grauerholz, 2000

Ecological Hypotheses: Kentucky DVO Study Ontogenic: Life circumstances of CSA/ASA survivors – Sequalae of early abuse CSA/ASAPTSDSH

Kentucky DVO study: Ontogenic-level Correlations MSDabcdefghij a.SH b.Child abuse_sexual c.Child abuse_ nonsexual d.IPV_DVO e.Violence_Other f.PTSD symptoms g.SH perceptions h.Wages i.Turnovers j.Gender_supervisor k.Gender_workgrp

IPV Job-Gender Context SH Microsystem factors High-risk contexts for SH (job-gender context) – Sexualized work environments – Male dominated, male supervisor – Work climate tolerant of sexual harassment

Kentucky DVO study: Micro-System Correlations MSDabcdefghij a.SH b.Child abuse_sexual c.Child abuse_ nonsexual d.IPV_DVO e.Violence_Other f.PTSD symptoms g.SH perceptions h.Wages i.Turnovers j.Gender_supervisor k.Gender_workgrp

Exo-System Factors Broader contexts – Social Structures – Economic resources, educational resources, social power – Abuse survivors may be more likely than others to be in low wage jobs with high turnover which mark their instability and vulnerability to SH IPV Wages, Job Instability SH

Kentucky DVO study: Correlations MSDabcdefghij a.SH b.Child abuse_sexual c.Child abuse_ nonsexual d.IPV_DVO e.Violence_Other f.PTSD symptoms g.SH perceptions h.Wages i.Turnovers j.Gender_supervisor k.Gender_workgrp

Mediation of the effects of prior IPV on SH Stockdale, Berry & Logan, 2010 Normal TheoryBootstrapping Product of Coefficients95% CI IVs and potential mediators Indirect EffectSEZPLowerUpper I. Child Abuse_Sexual PTSD I.Child Abuse_Nonsexual PTSD I.IPV_DVO PTSD I.Violence_Other PTSD Gender_Supervisor Turnovers

Mediated relationships CSA SH PTSD.16 (.20).28 (.06).45 (.15) Effect of Child Sexual Abuse on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD

Mediated relationships C NS A SH PTSD.25 (.06).07 (.02).36(.15) Effect of Child Non-Sexual Abuse on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD

Mediated relationships IPV SH PTSD.16 (.05).13 (.02).30 (.16) Effect of Intimate Partner Violence on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD

Mediated relationships Violence- Other SH PTSD 2.29(.41).13 (.02).30 (.16) Effect of Prior Sexual Violence by Others on Sexual Harassment mediated by PTSD, and Supervisor Gender Spvr Gender -3.36(.91) -.06 (.02)

Some observations Abuse survivors are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Ontogenic (PTSD) and micro-context factors (job-gender context) mediate the vulnerability. Military contexts are of particular interest: – Vulnerable targets – Culture and structure – SAPR program

Sexual Assault Prevention and Response (SAPR) DoD comprehensive organizational approach to combating sexual violence Five priority areas – Institute prevention strategies in the military community – Increase the climate of victim confidence associated with reporting – Improve sexual assault response – Improve system accountability – Improve stakeholder knowledge and understanding of sexual assault prevention and response.

SAPR and Sexual Harassment SAPR SAPR Office SH Office of Diversity Management and Equal Opportunity. Familial sex crimesDefense Family Advocacy Program Broaden SAPRO initiatives to include sexual harassment. Consider risk factors for SH revictimization (baseline PTSD, prior abuse, avoidant coping styles, masculinized cultures) and develop interventions. Examine SH as a precursor to further abuse. Recommendations:

Questions?