THE MODERN ERA 1750 – 1900 Overview (Periodization Question: Why 1750 –1900?)

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Patterns of World Trade Who, where, what, how in 1750? What will and won’t change by 1900?

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Modes of Transportation/ communication Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph Suez Canal, Panama Canal

Suez Canal Suez canal opened in Who was Muhammad Ali? -Why did France & Britain get to finance this effort? -Why do you think France/Britain wanted the canal?

Changes in Global Commerce, Communication and Technology Industrial Revolution Origins of I.R. – where, what and when Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith Impact of I.R. on time, family, work, labor Relationship of nations during I.R. Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism, socialism

Fatcat Miner Power loom Milltown Streetchildren

Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration – Immigration Why? Where?

Demographic and Environmental Changes End of Atlantic Slave Trade New Birthrate Patterns Disease prevention and eradication Food Supply

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Industrial Revolution Commercial developments Tension between work patterns and ideas about gender Emancipation of Serfs and Slaves

Changes in Social and Gender Structure Women’s emancipation movements

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Latin American Independence Movements Why? Simon Bolivar

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Revolutions Why Revolution now? Where? United States (1776) France (1789) Haiti (1803) Mexico (1910) China (1911)

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Haitian Revolution Toussaint L’Ouverture

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Mexican Revolution

Political Revolutions and Independence Movements Chinese Revolution Dr. Sun Yat Sen Manchus

New Political Ideas Rise of Nationalism Growth of Nation-states/ empires

New Political Ideas Movements of Political Reform Jacobins in France Taiping Rebellion in China

New Political Ideas Rise of Democracy and its limitations Reform (liberalism) Conservatism Women’s Rights (Feminism) Racism Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer

Rise of Western Dominance Patterns of Expansion Imperialism and Colonialism African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania Ethiopia and Siam Hawaii and New Zealand

Rise of Western Dominance Scramble for Africa

Rise of Western Dominance Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic

Rise of Western Dominance Cultural and Political Reactions to western dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism) Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration -Why does Japan accept Perry’s offer? Russia– Reforms and Rebellions -Crimean War? Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization China--Boxer Rebellion/Taiping Rebellion [ideals of Taiping?] Islamic and Chinese responses compared -Ottoman Reforms? “Sick Man of Europe” -Why does Europe help and hurt Ottomans? Impact of Changing European Ideologies on Colonial Administrations

Rise of Western Dominance Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration

Rise of Western Dominance China—Boxer Rebellion

Diverse Interpretations Modernization theory debates Why Modernize? Can you force a nation to do it? Name locations where Modernization = Nationalism. Why? Cause of serf and slave emancipation? Need to Industrialize? End of Extreme Ethnocentrism? Racism? Nature of women’s roles at the time in industrial areas? In colonial societies? Elite versus lower class?

Comparisons Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan (causes and early phases) Revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Mexican, and Chinese) Reaction to foreign domination in Ottoman empire, China, India and Japan.

Ottomans- 19 th century Young Turk Revolutionaries The Sultans

Comparisons Nationalism Forms of intervention in 19 th century Latin America and Africa Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus working/ peasant class women in western Europe

European women 19 th century British family in India Queen Victoria’s family Russian peasant family

Conclusions What are the global processes that are at play? Which have intensified? Diminished? Discuss how the events of the 19 th century are a natural culmination of earlier developments. Speculate what historical events in the 19 th century would have most surprised historians of earlier eras.