Have you ever been in a situation where the leader of a team tried to run things like a dictator? Have you been in a situation where the leader didn’t have enough power? What was the result of each of these situations?

Articles of Confederation American political leaders, fearful of a powerful central government like England’s, created the Articles of Confederation, adopted at the end of the war.

AoC The Articles of Confederation Provided for a weak national government Gave Congress no power to tax or regulate commerce among the states Provided for no common currency Gave each state one vote regardless of size Provided for no executive or judicial branch

US Constitution Made federal law the supreme law of the land when constitutional, but otherwise gave the states considerable leeway to govern themselves

Constitution Balanced power between large and small states by creating a Senate (where each state gets two senators) and a House of Representatives (with membership based on population

3/5 Compromise Placated the Southern states by counting the slaves as 3/5 of the population when determining representation in the U.S. House of Representatives

Constitution Avoided a too-powerful central government by establishing three co-equal branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—with numerous checks and balances among them

Constitution Limited the powers of the federal government to those identified in the Constitution

Constitutional Convention George Washington, President of the Convention – Washington presided at the Convention and, although seldom participating in the debates, lent his enormous prestige to the proceedings.

Const. Convention James Madison, “Father of the Constitution” – Madison, a Virginian and a brilliant political philosopher, often led the debate and kept notes of the proceedings—the best record historians have of what transpired at the Constitutional Convention

Cons. Convention At the Convention, Madison authored the “Virginia Plan,” which proposed three separate branches (legislative, executive, judicial) and structure of the new federal government. – He later authored much of the Bill of Rights.

Warm-Up In today’s world, which political party do you agree with the most? What reasons do you have to support your choice of political party?

Federalists Federalist position (pro-ratification) The Federalists favored a strong national government with no defined bill of rights. They argued that the checks and balances in the Constitution prevented any one of the three branches from acquiring power. They believed that a strong national government was necessary to facilitate interstate commerce and to manage foreign trade, national defense, and foreign relations.

Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalist position (anti-ratification) The Anti-Federalists believed a strong national government would tend to take the powers of the state governments, thereby concentrating too much power at the national level and too little at the state and local levels. They believed that a national Bill of Rights was necessary and, during the ratifying conventions in several states, forced the Federalists to pledge that a Bill of Rights would be the first order of business.

Bill of Rights Written by James Madison Based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason)  Basic human rights should not be violated by governments Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson)  Outlawed the established church

Westward Expansion The new American republic before the Civil War experienced dramatic territorial expansion, immigration, economic growth, and industrialization. Americans, stirred by their hunger for land and the ideology of “Manifest Destiny,” flocked to new frontiers.

Native Americans The conflict between American settlers and Indian nations resulted in the relocation of many Indians to reservations.

Political Parties Federalists led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton believed in: strong national government industrial economy Supported by bankers and big business

Political Parties Democratic Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson believed in: –weak national government –agricultural economy They were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers

Warm Up On television crime shows, police often “read rights” to someone they are arresting. Can you remember and write down the words that are used? To help you out, the phrase begins: “You have the right to...” Do you think that people need to be read these rights? WHY?

Political Parties Review Typically, the Federalists, led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, believed in a strong national government and commercial economy and were supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast. The Democratic-Republicans, believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. They were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South.

Westward Expansion Review What factors influenced American westward movement?

-Question- Are political parties good or bad for the political system?

Supreme Court Decisions Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia federal courts can declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial review”— Marbury v. Madison) Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution The role of the Federal courts is to interpret what the Constitution permits.

Supreme Court Decisions States cannot tax agencies of the federal government (McCulloch v. Maryland) Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank, it does delegate the ability to tax and spend, and a bank is a proper and suitable instrument to assist the operations of the government in the collection and disbursement of the revenue. Because federal laws have supremacy over state laws, Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by taxing it.

Warm Up Have you ever had to “prove yourself” to someone who didn’t believe you could do something? How did it feel when they doubted your ability? How did it feel when you proved them wrong?

Jay Treaty British withdrawal from the posts that they occupied in the Northwest Territory.Northwest Territory Wartime debts and the US-Canada boundary were mediated. USA got rights to trade with British India and the Caribbean in exchange for limits on the export of cotton. The treaty avoided war LED TO CREATION OF DEMOCRATIC- REPUBLICANS

Political Developments  lection of 1800 –-won by Thomas Jefferson first American presidential election in which power was peacefully transferred from one party to another.

Louisiana Territory Jefferson, President in 1803 bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million

Lewis and Clark Jefferson authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the new territories that lay west of the Mississippi River. Hoped to find water route to the Pacific. Sacajawea, an American Indian woman, served as their guide and translator.

Lewis and Clark Expedition 8,000 mile journey to find water route to the Pacific Ocean Led to: –Farming on the Great Plains –Gold in the Black Hills –Immigration from Europe –More Indians on reservations

War of 1812 Causes: Impressments of US Sailors England vs. France – Napoleonic Wars The Embargo of 1807 – Jefferson cancels trade w/ Eng/Fra, ruins US economy Pirates

War of 1812 US burn York, Canada (British) British retaliate by capturing and burning US Capital, President’s Mansion, and other public buildings

War of 1812: New Orleans Andrew Jackson leads a smaller group of US forces to victory over a much larger British group. Hundreds of British die, only a few US soldiers die…the war was already over. 12/24…1/8

Treaty of Ghent Ended War of 1812 Restored relations between nations as if the war had never happened.

Results of War of 1812 American claim to the Oregon Territory Increased migration of American settlers into Florida (acquired by treaty from Spain)

The Monroe Doctrine The American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers. Nations in the Western Hemisphere are different from Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies. USA will stay out of European affairs The USA will see any attempt by European powers to force their system on any nation in the Western Hemisphere as a threat.

Westward Economic Development Opportunity in the form of land to own and farm Growth of railroads and canals helped the growth of an industrial economy

Eli Whitney’s Invention Cotton Gin led to the spread of the slavery- based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South.

-Test Review- Articles of Confederation US Constitution Political Parties Supreme Court Decisions War of 1812 Westward Expansion

Conflict in Texas Migration into Texas led to an armed revolt against Mexican rule and a famous battle at the Alamo. The Texans’ eventual victory over Mexican forces subsequently brought Texas into the Union.

Mexican War (1840’s) The American victory in the Mexican War led to the acquisition of an enormous territory that included the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of Colorado and New Mexico.