Introductions to the Kingdoms of Life Chapter 19

19.2 Advent of Multicellularity Half of the biomass on Earth is unicellular prokaryotes and eukaryotes Colonies No communication or coordination between cells Permanently associated Cell walls stick together or form filaments Examples: Volvox and Cyanobacteria

Aggregations Temporary collection of cells Example: Plasmodial Slime

Multicellular Composed of many cells that are permanently associated Allows for increased size Remember: single cells cannot be large and survive Allows for specialization Movement Protection Reproduction Feeding

Cells make-up Tissues which make-up Organs which make-up Organ Systems Muscle cells make-up Muscle Tissue which make-up Heart which makes-up part of Circulatory System

Kingdom Eubacteria A.k.a. Bacteria Prokaryotes O.1 to 15 μm Found practically everywhere Cell wall contains peptidoglycan

Kingdom Archaebacteria Prokaryotes More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria No peptidoglycan in cell wall Have introns in genes

Kingdom Protista Protists Most diverse kingdom Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals Many are unicellular All have cell membrane, some have cell walls Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Many move Normally asexual reproduction but may be sexually

Kingdom Fungi Most Multicellular Chitin in cell wall Yeast are unicellular (only unicellular eukaryote not a protist) Chitin in cell wall Like shell of a crab Bodies have long strands of cells called hyphae No movement No chlorophyll or photosynthesis Heterotrophs but don’t ingest, external digestion

Kingdom Plantae Plants Multicellular autotrophs Primary producers Release oxygen Cycle phosphorous, water, nitrogen, carbon Different cell types organized into tissues Vascular tissue Transport water and dissolved nutrients Cellulose in cell walls No movement May have motile sperm Spores and seeds allow for dispersal

Everywhere except extreme polar regions and highest mountaintops Very small Duckweed Wolffia microscopica (1mm) to extremely large Giant Sequoia Redwood Sequoia sempervirens (90m)

Nonvascular No vascular tissue Relatively small No real roots, stems, or leaves Example: Mosses

Vascular - Larger and more complex Seedless Surfaces coated with waxy covering Reproduce with spores Haploid and diploid phases Example: Ferns

Non-flowering = Gymnosperms Seeds Non-flowering = Gymnosperms Seeds, no flowers Cones Examples: Pines and Spruces Flowering = Angiosperms Flowers Fruits disperse seeds

Kingdom Animalia Animals Multicellular heterotrophs (can’t make own food) No cell wall Mostly diploid phase Cells organized into tissues Zygotes develop through several stages Muscle tissues allow for quick movement Flight – unique to animals Reproduce sexually

99% are invertebrates (no backbone) 35 Phyla – most of these in sea Vertebrates have backbones 35 Phyla – most of these in sea

Different Phyla Sponges No tissues Specialized cells

Cnidarians Mostly marine Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, Corals

Flatworms Flat ribbon-like bodies Some are parasitic

Roundworms A.k.a. Nematodes Long, slender Freeliving or parasitic Heartworm, elephantiasis, hookworm

Segmented Worms A.k.a. Annelids Water and soil Leeches, Earthworms, Feather duster worms

Mollusks Saclike cavity (coelom) encloses internal organs Aquatic and terrestrial Snails, Clams, Octopuses

Arthropods Most diverse and 2/3 of all animal species External skeleton Jointed appendages High rate of reproduction Crabs, Insects, Arachnids

Echinoderms “spiny skin” Can regenerate lost limbs Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sand dollars

Invertebrate Chordates No backbone Aquatic Swim or attached

Vertebrates Internal skeleton of bone Backbone protects spinal cord Head has brain enclosed in skull Mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

Essential Life Functions Transport – cells get what they need and remove what they don’t Excretion – organisms remove waste and balance fluids Regulation – body process control – hormones and nervous system Respiration – get oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Nutrition – break down and absorb food Synthesis – build necessary molecules Reproduction – how done Growth and Development – lifecycle

Unicellular Protists Transport – Diffusion Excretion – Diffusion Regulation – Not Much Respiration – Diffusion Nutrition – Auto and heterotrophs Reproduction – asexual mitosis and sexual with zygospore Growth and Development – flagella, cilia, pseudopodia

Annelid Worms Transport – closed system with hearts Excretion – anus and nephridia Regulation – simple brain with nerve cord Respiration – diffusion through skin Nutrition – heterotroph with digestive tract Reproduction – Sexual hermaphrodites; cocoons with eggs Growth and Development – segmented; setae = bristles

Insects Transport – open system with hearts Excretion – Malphigian tubules Regulation – Simple brains, eyes Respiration – Trachea and Spiracles Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract Reproduction – Sexual Growth and Development – Metamorphosis (Chrysalis to pupa to adult)

Amphibians Transport – closed system with heart Excretion – cloaca Regulation – Brain and exothermic (cold blooded) Respiration – lungs with skin diffusion Nutrition – Heterotrophs with digestive tract Reproduction – Sexual with external eggs needing water Growth and Development – endoskeleton; metamorphosis

Mammals Transport – 4 chambered closed heart Excretion – anus and kidneys Regulation – hair and endothermic; hormones and nervous system; brain Respiration – lungs and a diaphragm Nutrition – heterotrophs that eat a large amount to maintain body temp. Reproduction – sexual and internal fertilization Growth and Development – depend on mother; mammary glands; some lay eggs, some have pouch, some have internal development

Nonvascular Plants Transport – diffusion Excretion – diffusion Regulation – cuticle resists drying out Respiration – stomatas allow gas exchange Nutrition – absorb nutrients and water from soil; autotrophs Reproduction – require water; swimming sperm Growth and Development – spores

Gymnosperms Transport – vascular system (xylem and phloem) Excretion – stomata controls exchange Regulation – stomata controls exchange Respiration – stomata controls exchange Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophs Reproduction – seeds in cones Growth and Development – seed to adult

Angiosperms Transport – vascular system (xylem and phloem) Excretion – stomata controls exchange Regulation – stomata controls exchange Respiration – stomata controls exchange Nutrition – water and soil; autotrophs Reproduction – pollen Growth and Development – flower to fruit to seed