The impact of typical and atypical language dominance on visual word recognition Marc Brysbaert

Language and the brain Does the brain organisation have an effect on the ways in which language is processed, or is language “machine- independent”, like a computer program? Does the brain organisation have an effect on the ways in which language is processed, or is language “machine- independent”, like a computer program? Functionalism vs. dualism or materialism Functionalism vs. dualism or materialism

Language dominance Already known since the mid 19th century that most people have language lateralised to the left (Broca, Dax) Already known since the mid 19th century that most people have language lateralised to the left (Broca, Dax) Concluded on the basis of brain lesions Concluded on the basis of brain lesions Also contribution from neurosurgery studies (epilepsy; WADA test) Also contribution from neurosurgery studies (epilepsy; WADA test) Now with brain imaging techniques, this becomes possible to study in healthy participants Now with brain imaging techniques, this becomes possible to study in healthy participants

Pujol et al. (1999) 50 lefthanders and 50 righthanders 50 lefthanders and 50 righthanders fMRI scanning fMRI scanning Word fluency task: silently generate words that start with an “F” Word fluency task: silently generate words that start with an “F”

Knecht’s work in Münster Knecht et al.(2000): language dominance defined with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (fTCD) Knecht et al.(2000): language dominance defined with functional transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (fTCD) 188 righthanders 188 righthanders Word generation task (verbal fluency) Word generation task (verbal fluency)

Knecht’s work in Münster (cont.) 188 righthanders lefthanders 188 righthanders lefthanders Word generation task Word generation task

Does language dominance have an effect on word recognition? General assumption: probably for parafoveal word recognition but not for foveal word recognition General assumption: probably for parafoveal word recognition but not for foveal word recognition

Hypotheses about the foveal representation in the brain 1. Fovea projects bilaterally Problem: Corballis & Trudel (1993) : split-brain patient Problem: Corballis & Trudel (1993) : split-brain patient

Hypotheses about the foveal representation in the brain 2. Fast interhemispheric transfer Dehaene, Cohen, Sigman, and Vinckier (2005, p. 338): “It has been proposed that ‘foveal splitting’, whereby the left and right halves of a centrally fixated word are initially sent to distinct hemispheres, has important functional consequences for reading. However, beyond V1, callosal projections have the precise structure required to guarantee the continuity of receptive fields across the midline and allow convergence to common visual representations. We believe that these connections minimize the functional impact of the initial foveal split.” Dehaene, Cohen, Sigman, and Vinckier (2005, p. 338): “It has been proposed that ‘foveal splitting’, whereby the left and right halves of a centrally fixated word are initially sent to distinct hemispheres, has important functional consequences for reading. However, beyond V1, callosal projections have the precise structure required to guarantee the continuity of receptive fields across the midline and allow convergence to common visual representations. We believe that these connections minimize the functional impact of the initial foveal split.”

Hypotheses about the foveal representation in the brain 3. Split fovea Brysbaert (2004, p. 260): “ I have come to view the two arguments in favor of a distinction between foveal and parafoveal word recognition as seductive simplifying assumptions rather than as firm foundations of a coherent theoretical framework. They have allowed researchers of visual word recognition to ignore the vast literature of cerebral asymmetry, and they have allowed laterality researchers to ignore the fine details and controversies within computational models of visual word recognition. There was no gain to be found for either camp in questioning the assumptions.” Brysbaert (2004, p. 260): “ I have come to view the two arguments in favor of a distinction between foveal and parafoveal word recognition as seductive simplifying assumptions rather than as firm foundations of a coherent theoretical framework. They have allowed researchers of visual word recognition to ignore the vast literature of cerebral asymmetry, and they have allowed laterality researchers to ignore the fine details and controversies within computational models of visual word recognition. There was no gain to be found for either camp in questioning the assumptions.” Ellis & Brysbaert (Neuropsychologia, 2010) Ellis & Brysbaert (Neuropsychologia, 2010)

OVP-curve and cerebral dominance (Münster study) 20 participants from the original Knecht et al. studies contacted again 20 participants from the original Knecht et al. studies contacted again 13 male; 28 years old; 12 left-handed 13 male; 28 years old; 12 left-handed Retested fTCD Retested fTCD 12 LD (+1.4 to +7.8); 8 RD (-1.2 to -4.9) 12 LD (+1.4 to +7.8); 8 RD (-1.2 to -4.9) fTCD test-retest correlation r =.78 fTCD test-retest correlation r =.78

OVP-curve and cerebral dominance (Münster study) German nouns of 3-, 5- and 7-letters (controlled for freq. and neighbourhood size) German nouns of 3-, 5- and 7-letters (controlled for freq. and neighbourhood size) Presentation: Presentation: 7 possible fixation locations shifted across the screen 7 possible fixation locations shifted across the screen 630 stimuli 630 stimuli randomised order randomised order Presentation 180 ms Presentation 180 ms

r =.55

OVP-curve and cerebral dominance (RHUL study) See whether this type of study is feasible on an individual level when you do not have access to 100s of participants See whether this type of study is feasible on an individual level when you do not have access to 100s of participants More detailed information about the degree of laterality (fMRI) More detailed information about the degree of laterality (fMRI) 26 lefthanders started the study tested with VHF tasks (picture naming and word naming) 26 lefthanders started the study tested with VHF tasks (picture naming and word naming)

fMRI study 10 individuals (4 male, 6 female; M age 19.8) 10 individuals (4 male, 6 female; M age 19.8) Mental word generation task Mental word generation task  10 letters with highest beginning of word frequency

Pre-processing and analysis with SPM Levels of activation compared in LH and RH in predefined anatomical regions of interest (ROI) encompassing BA 44/BA 45 = Broca’s area LI > +0.4 were classed as left-dominant>> 6 participants LI > 2 participants -0.4 > LI > 2 participants

VHF picture naming and fMRI_LI: r = 0.77, p < 0.01 VHF word naming and fMRI_LI: r = 0.63, p < 0.1

OVP task with fMRI subgroup 4 letter words fixated on each position 4 letter words fixated on each position 7 letter words fixated on each odd position (1, 3, 5, 7) 7 letter words fixated on each odd position (1, 3, 5, 7) All words seen at all positions by each participant All words seen at all positions by each participant

OVP task with fMRI subgroup atypical dominance slopes: -2.6; 3.41 typical dominance slopes: 6.77; Highly significant positive correlations :  for the 4-letter/fMRI_LI r = 0.85  for the 7-letter/fMRI_LI r = 0.70

Conclusions 1. We can predict with near 100% accuracy the laterality of speech production by looking at the slope of the OVP in a word naming task 2. This pattern is already present for 4-letter words, subtending a width of slightly more than 1.5 degrees 3. Same results (though slightly worse) are obtained for the VHF tasks we used 4. Clear that IHTT is involved in foveal word recognition and that it has a substantial cost, even in healthy adults

Conclusions 5. Does interhemispheric transfer happen early (i.e., before word recognition starts as in SERIOL) or late (i.e., do both hemispheres start word processing on the basis of the information received as in Shillcock et al.) In all likelihood it happens early (Van der Haegen et al., 2009; McCormick et al., in preparation) In all likelihood it happens early (Van der Haegen et al., 2009; McCormick et al., in preparation)