© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-1 Spring(2007) Instructor: Qiong Cheng © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-2 Goal Of CS2010 To provide a practical, realistic fundamental understanding of the entire field - To explore the breadth of computer science - Enough depth will be included for every topics - To work on computers and their related fields with deeper understanding; - To keep track of technologies, theories and applications in the future

Chapter 0 Introduction © 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-4 Chapter 0: Introduction 0.1 The Role of Algorithms 0.2 The Origins of Computing Machines 0.3 The Science of Algorithms 0.4 Abstraction 0.5 An Outline of Our Study

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-5 Terminology Algorithm: A set of steps that defines how a task is performed (ordered set with unambiguous, executable and terminable properties) Program: A representation of an algorithm Programming: The process of developing a program Software: Programs and algorithms. Hardware: Equipment

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-6 History of Algorithms The study of algorithms was originally a subject in mathematics. Early examples of algorithms –Long division algorithm –Euclidean Algorithm Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem: Some problems cannot be solved by algorithms.

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-7 Figure 0.2 The Euclidean algorithm

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-8 Figure 0.2 The Euclidean algorithm Inputs; Operations ;(to solve problem) Outputs;

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-9 Figure 0.2 The Euclidean algorithm Inputs; Operations ;(to solve problem) Outputs; Ordered; Unambiguous (clear); Executable; Terminable;

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-10 Origins of Computing Machines Early computing devices –Abacus: positions of beads represent numbers –Gear-based machines (1600s-1800s) Positions of gears represent numbers Blaise Pascal, Wilhelm Leibniz, Charles Babbage

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-11 Figure 0.3 An Abacus 91,302,057

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-12 Early Data Storage Punched cards –First used in Jacquard Loom (1801) to store patterns for weaving cloth –Stored programs in Babbage’s Analytical Engine –Popular through the 1970’s Gear positions

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-13 Early Computers Based on mechanical relays –1940: Stibitz at Bell Laboratories –1944: Mark I: Howard Aiken and IBM at Harvard Based on vacuum tubes – : Atanasoff-Berry at Iowa State –1940s: Colossus: secret German code-breaker –1940s: ENIAC: Mauchly & Eckert at U. of Penn.

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-14 Figure 0.4 The Mark I computer

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-15 Personal Computers –First used by hobbyists –IBM introduced the PC in 1981 Accepted by business Became the standard hardware design for most desktop computers Most PCs use software from Microsoft

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-16 Computer Science The science of algorithms Scope of computer science is broad, drawing from other subjects, including –Mathematics –Engineering –Psychology –Business Administration –Linguistics

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-17 Central Questions of Computer Science Which problems can be solved by algorithmic processes? How can algorithm discovery be made easier? How can techniques of representing and communicating algorithms be improved? How can our knowledge of algorithms and technology be applied to provide better machines? How can characteristics of different algorithms be analyzed and compared?

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-18 Figure 0.5 The central role of algorithms in computer science

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-19 Abstraction Abstraction: The distinction between the external properties of an entity and the details of the entity’s internal composition Abstract tool: A “component” that can be used without concern for the component’s internal properties

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-20 An example of the abstraction of a communication network A sub network B sub network u v

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-21 Outline of Our Study Chapter 1: Data Storage Chapter 2: Data Manipulation Chapter 3: Operating Systems Chapter 4: Networks and the Internet Chapter 5: Algorithms

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-22 Outline of Our Study (continued) Chapter 6: Programming Languages Chapter 7: Software Engineering Chapter 8: Data Abstractions Chapter 9: Database Systems Chapter 10: Artificial Intelligence Chapter 11: Theory of Computation

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-23 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-24 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-25 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-26 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-27 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-28 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-29 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-30 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-31 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-32 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-33 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up

© 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 0-34 Outline of CS2010 From Concrete to Abstract Algorithms (Ch. 5) CS4520/6520 Theory of Computation (Ch. 11) CS8540/8550 … Data Representation and Storage (Ch. 1) Computer Architecture (Ch. 2) CS4210/6210/8210 Operating System (Ch. 3) CS4320/6320/8320 Network and Internet (Ch. 4) CS4220/6220/8220 Practice 1: Static Web design Programming Language (Ch. 6) … Data Structure (Ch. 8) CS3410 Database System (Ch. 9) CS4710/6710/8710/8711 Software Engineering (Ch. 7) CS4350/6350/8350 Practice 2: Dynamic Web design Advanced Artificial Intelligence (Ch. 10) CS4810/6810 Scientific Computing such as BioinformaticsCS6630/8630 Sensor Network Human-Computer Interaction Computer graphics Parallel and Distributing Computing CS4310/6310/8530 Advanced Topics: From Bottom to Up