Awesome 4 May grammar and vocabulary review Saint Louis School English Department Carlos Schwerter Garc í a

Future obligation Use of must In general, must expresses personal obligation. Must expresses what the speaker thinks is necessary. Must is subjective. Look at these examples: I must stop smoking. You must visit us soon. He must work harder. In each of the above cases, the "obligation" is the opinion or idea of the person speaking. In fact, it is not a real obligation. It is not imposed from outside. It is sometimes possible to use must for real obligation, for example a rule or a law. But generally we use have to for this. We can use must to talk about the present or the future. Look at these examples: I must go now. (present) I must call my mother tomorrow. (future) We cannot use must to talk about the past. We use have to to talk about the past.

Future perfect Form Positive statement: I will have worked (I'll have worked), he will have written (he'll have written) Negative statement: I will not have returned (I won't have returned), he will not have done (he won't have done) Questions: Will you have cleaned? Will she have sent? Negative questions: Will you not have cleaned? (Won't you have sent?) We make the simple tense with will + have + past participle. The past participles are different for regular verbs and irregular verbs. Use In the English language we use the future perfect simple tense for activities that will be completed before or at a certain time in the future. It is often used with a time expression beginning with by: by then, by that time, by midnight, by the end of the year... On the other hand, you must be careful with other time expressions, because this tense cannot be used in time clauses with expressions such as when, while, before, after, as soon as, if, unless, etc., which are normally used in the time clauses with other tenses. The time can also be given by other time expressions (on Sunday, before 31 June) or actions. I will have sent the project by Friday. On 11 August this year we will have been married for five years. When the mountaineers get back to the base, they'll have been in the snowstorm for two days. We'll have reached the top before noon. How long will she have worked here by the end of this year?

Future perfect continuous Form Positive statement: I will have been writing (I'll have been writing), he will have been studying (he'll have been studying) Negative statement: I will not have been doing (I won't have been doing) Questions: Will you have been travelling? Neg. questions: Will you not have been dancing? (Won't you have been dancing?) Use We use the future perfect continuous tense for activities that will continue until a point of time and will not be completed. It is also normally used with by or other time expressions and future events. I'll go home on 20 June. By then I'll have been staying at this hotel for a fortnight. At six o'clock we'll have been waiting here for three hours. When you arrive, we'll have been sitting in the classroom all day.