RESPIRATION Chapter 9 VOCAB REVIEW

Type of fermentation shown below: Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO 2 + NAD + Alcoholic fermentation Unit used to measure energy in food (= 1000 calories) Calorie (capitalized)

Type of fermentation shown below: Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD + Lactic acid fermentation Amount of energy needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 ◦ Celsius calorie (lower case)

First step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid glycolysis CELLULAR RESPIRATION Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen Fermentation Electron transport chain Series of proteins in which high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP

Krebs cycle Carbohydrate with the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 used as a source of energy in living things glucose Second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting steps

Molecule containing three carbons that is formed when glucose breaks apart during glycolysis, the first part of cellular respiration Pyruvic acid Molecule formed from pyruvic acid that accumulates in muscles during exercise when oxygen is not available Lactic acid

Electron carriers involved in glycolysis NAD + and FAD Means : ’’not in air’’ ; process that does NOT require oxygen ANAEROBIC

process that requires oxygen AEROBIC Natural substance found in muscles that regenerates ATP for extended energy for muscle activity which is used as a dietary supplement to increase muscle strength and performance and can lead to dehydration, muscle injury, kidney failure and even death if abused. creatine

Co-enzyme helper that reacts with pyruvic acid to form Actyl-CoA before it enters the Krebs cycle CoA 6 carbon molecule that is the first formed during the Krebs cycle made by joining the acetyl group from Acetyl-CoA to a 4 carbon molecule Citric acid

Molecule that acts as an energy carrier in all cells ATP Enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that spins as H+ ions pass through which adds a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP ATP synthase

Membrane proteins that pass high energy electrons along and use the energy to pump H+ ions from the matrix across the membrane to the intermembrane space Electron transport chain 2 nd step in aerobic cellular respiration in which molecule cycle through intermediates and produce Krebs cycle