Literature Review Payam Kabiri, MD. PhD. Epidemiologist Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences

 What is Literature?  What is Literature Review?  What kind of Literature do we have?  When the Literature review should be down?  When to use Literature in proposals?  How to refer to the used Literature? Literature Review

مرور متون  جستجو و تحليل نظام مند منابع ( اعم از مقاله، کتاب، پايان نامه و...) که در يک زمينه موضوعی خاص منتشر شده است.

اهميت مرور متون مرور متون بر اساس موضوع پژوهش صورت می گيرد و در موارد زير بکار می رود : در تهيه پروپوزال مقدمه و بيان مساله در تنظيم گزارش نهايی مقدمه و بحث ساير موارد مانند...

Steps of Literature Review  Problem formulation which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?  Literature search finding materials relevant to the subject being explored  Data evaluation determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic  Analysis and interpretation discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

 اطلاعات پایه (Basic Knowledge) کتابهای مرجع (text book)  اطلاعات روزآمد (Updated Knowledge) مجلات و نشریات ادواری (Periodicals) Information Resources

 Print Materials  Electronic Materials

Print Materials  Journals & Papers  Indexes  Dissertations & Thesis  Abstracts of Seminars  Books & Booklets

Information Resources  Local Data (  International Data

Databases  Biological Abstracts  Medline  CINAHL  Psychinfo  Embase  Chemical Abstracts

Electronic Journals & Collection  Elsevier Science  Blackwell Science  Oxford university Press  John Wiley  Springer  Ovid  Proquest  Ebsco

Also Note Biases  Publication Bias  Fulltext Bias  Language Bias  Database Bias  …

Publication Bias  Sterling study: 97% of papers published in 4 psychology journals showed statistically significant results at alpha level 5% !  Dickersin study: compared published RCTs with unpublished ones.results:55%pub,15% unpub, favoring new therapy!  Mahoney stuD:75 reviewers asked to review different versions of a fictitious manuscript. ”introduction” & ”methods” : identical, ”results” & “discussion” : different (+/ambiguous /-). results of reviewers evaluation : manuscripts with “positive” results received higher average scores!

Publication Bias  1)…if they had reached sig.  2) positive result  3) interesting results for both reviewers & authors!  4) language bias (ENG) in being included in a meta-analysis.

 Searching Libraries for Thesis & Research Reports  Searching Registries  Searching Gray Literature  Searching especial Journals like: “ Journal of Negative results in Biomedicine ” Publication Bias

آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين Index Medicus National Library of Medicine (NLM)

Dr. John Shaw Billings  John Shaw Billings (US Army general Surgeon)  Director of the NLM established Index Medicus.

Index Medicus  Making: Author Index Subject Index  They call it: Index Medicus

Medical Literature Analysis And Retrieval System آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين MEDLARS

MEDLARS ONLINE MEDLINE آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين

بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين در واقع همان نسخه الکترونيک ايندكس مديكوس چاپي است که به صورت نسخه سي دي و يا وب منتشر مي شود. آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين

Medline 33200 Journal First & Now Journal MMore 250,000 Paper per Year 775% of the Whole Printed English Papers throughout the world OOver 13,000,000 Records Till Now

 1966 up to now  National Library of Medicine (NLM) Product  More than 13,000,000 Record till now  The most used database by Medical Researchers throughout the world

Medline  Publish more than 800 papers per day  Covers Medical, Dental & Nursing papers  In 2006, 4,928 journals are currently indexed for MEDLINE  Available online through web since 1971.

آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين  Records  Fields Titles (Ti) Authors (Au) Source (So) Journal Name (Jn) Main Abstract (MA) Medical Subjects Headings (MESH) ………………………………………………

آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين  Search Methods 1. Find (Search) 2. Index 3. Thesaurus (MeSH)  Output Options 1. View 2. Download 3. Print 4.

آشنايی با بانك اطلاعاتي مدلاين  Operators 1. AND 2. OR 3. NOT 4. ADJ

Boolean Logics Shaded areas indicate retrieval Search Statement Types of records retrieved stress AND anxiety Documents that have either stress AND anxiety stress OR anxiety Documents that have both stress OR anxiety stress NOT anxiety Documents that have stress but NOT anxiety

Truncation  For singular, plural or word-roots findings.  Examples: child* will retrieve children, childhood, childlike adolescen* will retrieve adolescent, adolescence, adolescently derm* will retrieve dermal, dermatitis, dermatology, dermoid, dermatologist, dermatopathologist, …  Be very careful of small word roots when looking for plurals… cat* rat* catastrophe rational cataract ratify category ratio Rather use: (cat OR cats) (rat OR rats)

Some comparisons between the MEDLINE of 1971 & the MEDLINE of today Items Indexed Journals 2394,928 Users 25 77,000,000 unique visits & about 800,000,000 searches Server an IBM 360/50 mainframe computer on 20 Dell PowerEdge, 2 CPU 8Gb RAM, with the Linux operating system

PubMed PubMed is available via the NCBI Entrez retrieval system. It was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Entrez retrieval systemNational Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)National Library of Medicine (NLM)National Institutes of Health (NIH)

MEDLINE Facts ProducerNational Library of Medicine, Washington, DC. Subjectsmedicine, dentistry, nursing, preclinical sciences, health care systems, veterinary medicine Size4500+ journals indexed; 14 million references ScopeJournals from 70 countries (>50% US) Languages30+ Abstractsincluded for >75% of references; author-written Coverage1966 – present

How to refer to the used Literature?  International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (  Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals  Sample References (Vancouver) 

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