How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? L.O To evaluate the changing role and status of women since By the end of this lesson... ALL OF US will be able to identify how specific developments improved the lives of women and describe them. (E-D) EVEN BETTER IF you can explain how specific developments improved the lives of women, and identify areas where life did not improve. (C) EXCELLENT IF you can give developed explanations as to how these developments affected the lives of specific groups of women. (B) CHALLENGE: CAN YOU ANALYSE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE DEVELOPMENTS IMPROVED THE LIVES OF WOMEN? How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? L.O To evaluate the changing role and status of women since By the end of this lesson... ALL OF US will be able to identify how specific developments improved the lives of women and describe them. (E-D) EVEN BETTER IF you can explain how specific developments improved the lives of women, and identify areas where life did not improve. (C) EXCELLENT IF you can give developed explanations as to how these developments affected the lives of specific groups of women. (B) CHALLENGE: CAN YOU ANALYSE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THESE DEVELOPMENTS IMPROVED THE LIVES OF WOMEN?

HOW HAS THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGED SINCE 1900? Increased leisure time NHS Domestic technology Traditional role of rich women. Changes in family sizes 1930s/ means test Increased expectations Traditional role of poor women. New build houses Slum clearance Marie Stopes

Describe the traditional role of women. (4 marks) 4 marks More detailed and accurate description 4 marks More detailed and accurate description 1-2 marks Brief overview, lacks detail. 1-2 marks Brief overview, lacks detail. 3-4 marks More detailed and accurate description 3-4 marks More detailed and accurate description Traditionally the role of women was very much in the domestic sphere. In more affluent families the woman would support her husband by organising the staff at their home, supervising the education of their children and organising social events to enhance the social reputation of the husband. In working class families it was often said that the woman’s day was longer than the man’s as their was a great deal of work to be done at home to support the family including washing, cooking and bringing up their children. Traditionally the role of women was very much in the domestic sphere. In more affluent families the woman would support her husband by organising the staff at their home, supervising the education of their children and organising social events to enhance the social reputation of the husband. In working class families it was often said that the woman’s day was longer than the man’s as their was a great deal of work to be done at home to support the family including washing, cooking and bringing up their children.

HOW DOES THE ROLE OF WOMEN CHANGE IN THE 1930’s? Many factory workers lost their jobs due to the Wall Street Crash. Many women became the main breadwinners as they were cheaper to employ as they had no union agreed terms of pay. To ‘make end meet’ many families survived on a diet of bread and margarine. If there was not enough food to go around it was the women who went without. Many grew prematurely old. To qualify for unemployment benefits they had to go through the ‘means test’. Government officials came to your home, checked the wages of every wage earner, and made them sell off any unnecessary items. Only those who were desperate qualified for these benefits. HOWEVER In the affluent South East, there was no desperation. Period of slum clearance with better, more specious housing being built. Many women had to rely on soup kitchens for food and hand me down clothing for their families.

What does this table suggest about family sizes in the twentieth century? What problems does this table highlight? Why do you think the birth rate has decreased?

Marie Stopes WROTE FIRST LITERATURE ADVISING PEOPLE ON BIRTH CONTRIL, THAT WAS AVAILABLE TO WOMEN. THESE BOOKS WERE MARRIED LOVE AND WISE PARENTHOOD OPENED FIRST CLINIC TO ADVISE WOMEN ON THE USE OF BIRTH CONTROL IN NORTH LONDON. IMPROVED THE HEALTH OF WOMEN. GAVE WOMEN MORE CONTROL OVER THEIR BODIES AND LIVES BY GIVING THEM INFORMATION ON THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO THEM. Explain how Marie Stopes improved the lives of women. (6 marks)

1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. Explain how Marie Stopes improved the lives of women. (6 marks)

The pill was introduced in the US in 1960 then was introduced into the UK in 1961, but only to married women. Allows women more control over their body and their reproductive cycle. In 1974 when family planning clinics were allowed to prescribe single women with the pill - a controversial decision at the time. The risk of breast cancer increases with the length of use of the COC pill. How far did developments in birth control have a significant impact upon the lives of women? (8 marks) Oral contraceptive use is a highly effective form of contraception. The use of the combined oral contraceptive (COC) pill is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancer. Gallstones occur more frequently in oral contraceptive pill users. The risk of breast cancer increases with the length of use of the COC pill. Allowed women to decide to delay having a family to focus on career. Led to decrease in abortions and decrease in family sizes.

How far did developments in birth control have a significant impact upon the lives of women?(8 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description 3-4 marks Identifies significance but mostly descriptive. Birth control has been an important and controversial issue. Marie Stopes’ Married Love (1918) had won support for the use of contraception by married couples; she argued for the careful spacing of pregnancies which would be beneficial for the health of both mother and child. In the face of much opposition, Stopes opened her first birth-control clinic in London in In the 1930s, local authorities were allowed to provide information about contraception. In the 1960s, the birth control pill became widely available. This has led to the reduction in family sizes and helped to improve the health of mother and child and has given parents more choice, but with some potential health concerns. Developments in birth control have been important because they have helped to change views about women in employment. In 1952, the Ministry of Labour argued that employers should employ people who were able and willing to work whatever their age, including married women. Since the 1960s, the pill has given women an added freedom of choice, so that more women can now delay having their first child until they are in their 30s, so that they can have a career as well as a family. Birth control has been an important and controversial issue. Marie Stopes’ Married Love (1918) had won support for the use of contraception by married couples; she argued for the careful spacing of pregnancies which would be beneficial for the health of both mother and child. In the face of much opposition, Stopes opened her first birth-control clinic in London in In the 1930s, local authorities were allowed to provide information about contraception. In the 1960s, the birth control pill became widely available. This has led to the reduction in family sizes and helped to improve the health of mother and child and has given parents more choice, but with some potential health concerns. Developments in birth control have been important because they have helped to change views about women in employment. In 1952, the Ministry of Labour argued that employers should employ people who were able and willing to work whatever their age, including married women. Since the 1960s, the pill has given women an added freedom of choice, so that more women can now delay having their first child until they are in their 30s, so that they can have a career as well as a family. 5-6 marks Developed explanation, balanced judgement with counter argument. 6 marks Brief overview, lacks reasoned evaluation. 7-8 marks Developed evaluation, with balance.

How far did developments in birth control have a significant impact upon the lives of women?(8 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description 3-4 marks Identifies significance but mostly descriptive. Birth control has been an important and controversial issue. Marie Stopes’ Married Love (1918) had won support for the use of contraception by married couples; she argued for the careful spacing of pregnancies which would be beneficial for the health of both mother and child. In the face of much opposition, Stopes opened her first birth- control clinic in London in 1921, however, this was only one clinic in London. In the 1930s, local authorities were allowed to provide information about contraception but by 1937 only 25% of Local Authorities had. In the 1960s, the birth control pill became widely available. This has led to the reduction in family sizes and helped to improve the health of mother and child and has given parents more choice, but with some potential health concerns such as an increased risk of breast cancer. Developments in birth control have been important because they have helped to change views about women in employment. In 1952, the Ministry of Labour argued that employers should employ people who were able and willing to work whatever their age, including married women. Since the 1960s, the pill has given women an added freedom of choice, so that more women can now delay having their first child until they are in their 30s, so that they can have a career as well as a family, however there were still clear attitudes held in society of the role of women as home makers. Birth control has been an important and controversial issue. Marie Stopes’ Married Love (1918) had won support for the use of contraception by married couples; she argued for the careful spacing of pregnancies which would be beneficial for the health of both mother and child. In the face of much opposition, Stopes opened her first birth- control clinic in London in 1921, however, this was only one clinic in London. In the 1930s, local authorities were allowed to provide information about contraception but by 1937 only 25% of Local Authorities had. In the 1960s, the birth control pill became widely available. This has led to the reduction in family sizes and helped to improve the health of mother and child and has given parents more choice, but with some potential health concerns such as an increased risk of breast cancer. Developments in birth control have been important because they have helped to change views about women in employment. In 1952, the Ministry of Labour argued that employers should employ people who were able and willing to work whatever their age, including married women. Since the 1960s, the pill has given women an added freedom of choice, so that more women can now delay having their first child until they are in their 30s, so that they can have a career as well as a family, however there were still clear attitudes held in society of the role of women as home makers. 5-6 marks Developed explanation, balanced judgement with counter argument. 8 marks Briefbalance evaluation marks Developed evaluation, with balance.

Willaim Beveridge Aneurin Bevan The Beveridge Report was presented by its author, Sir William Beveridge, to the British parliament in November It provided a summary of principles necessary to banish poverty and 'want' from Britain - Beveridge's mantra throughout the report was 'Abolition of want'. 'Now, when the war is abolishing landmarks of every kind, is the opportunity for using experience in a clear field. A revolutionary moment in the world's history is a time for revolutions, not for patching.' The National Insurance Act created the structure of the Welfare State and after the passing of the National Health Service Act in 1948, people in Britain were provided with free diagnosis and treatment of illness, at home or in hospital, as well as dental and ophthalmic services. As Minister of Health, Aneurin Bevan was now in charge of 2,688 hospitals in England and Wales Parliament passed the revolutionary National Insurance Act. It instituted a comprehensive state health service, effective from 5th July The Act provided for compulsory contributions for unemployment, sickness, maternity and widows' benefits and old age pensions from employers and employees, with the government funding the balance.

Created welfare state, to tackle poverty. Led to Statutory Maternity pay for women Led to free prescriptions on NHS State pension for older women. All workers now had to pay a percentage of their wage as National Insurance. This was used to pay for all these benefits.

Introduction of Family Allowances in 1945 to support second and subsequent children. (encourage population growth) In 1945 the Family Allowance Act was passed. As passed, the Act empowered the Minister of National Insurance to pay an allowance of five shillings per week for each child in a family other than the eldest; later Acts increased this sum. In 1946 Family Allowances were paid out to 2.5 million families. This meant that for the first time working class women did not have to worry about going without. In 1975 Family Allowances were replaced by Child Benefit.

How does the NHS benefit women? Many working class women had never had access to qualified medical professionals before as they had to pay. Many men had health insurance through their jobs, but this did not extend to their families. Guaranteed Maternity care – pre- natal and ante-natal care. This made having children safer for the parent and the child. Child welfare clinics to improve health of family Led to longer, healthier lives. Free screening for cancers such as cervical and breast.

Slum Clearance The “Slum Clearance” programs of the 1940s and 1950s knocked down many of the old, run-down terraces that had been built during the Victorian period. They were replaced with new houses, often built on large housing estates, or pre-fabricated houses that were built quickly and cheaply. Other people were not so lucky and ended up in high- rise tower blocks where people lost their sense of identity. These new houses all had new amenities as well, such as piped gas, piped water and central heating, all of which came with the added responsibility of increased bills and higher rents.

Explain why the lives of women at home in the twentieth century were changed by government legislation. (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. Their lives got better because they got more money and free health care. Discusses aspects of the Welfare State such as NHS, Family Allowances, or National Insurance. Discusses all aspects of the Welfare State including NHS, Family Allowances, or National Insurance. (May also throw in ‘however’ about introduction of Means Test in 1930s)

Explain how labour saving devices changed the lives of women. (6 marks) HOWEVER… Household gadgets have reduced the time needed to do housework but they have also raised people’s expectations of women e.g. higher standards of cleanliness, more possessions to look after. Women are now expected to keep their families better clothed, better-housed, better fed and generally happier as well as earning extra money, keeping the family accounts. HOWEVER… Household gadgets have reduced the time needed to do housework but they have also raised people’s expectations of women e.g. higher standards of cleanliness, more possessions to look after. Women are now expected to keep their families better clothed, better-housed, better fed and generally happier as well as earning extra money, keeping the family accounts. Labour saving devices such as the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have dramatically improved the lives of women in the home as they have made the traditional household jobs done by women much easier. Before the development of effective washing machines it could take a day to wash the family’s clothes using a mangle or hand scrubbing them. Developments such as the fridge have meant that women had to shop less often as food could be kept longer. Before this food went off quickly and only rich families who could afford an ice room could keep foods for a period of time.

Explain why increased free time has changed the lives of women in recent times. (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. LEISURE/ FITNESS MAGAZINES WEBSITES 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons.

Explain why increased free time has changed the lives of women in recent times. (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. After the Second World War the government embarked upon a huge leisure centre building programme to help rehabilitate injured soldiers. From the 1970s these leisure centres increasingly offered yoga, aerobic and keep fit classes for women to improve their health and therefore quality and longevity of life. Since the 1980s there has been a huge market for home fitness and workout videos to help women keep fit at home too. Pre WWII there were 50 magazines aimed at women, all of which were geared towards helping women in their domestic role. Examples include: Women and Home, Good Housekeeping, and Woman’s Own. Since the 1970s articles and magazines have moved beyond reinforcing the domestic role of women focusing on recipes, fashion, health issues, careers advice, divorce and abortion amongst other important issues. Websites such as the BBC lifestyles page have changed the lives of women as they have given women access to tips and guidance on how to improve their quality of life in areas such as health, leisure and advice on balancing family and work life. After the Second World War the government embarked upon a huge leisure centre building programme to help rehabilitate injured soldiers. From the 1970s these leisure centres increasingly offered yoga, aerobic and keep fit classes for women to improve their health and therefore quality and longevity of life. Since the 1980s there has been a huge market for home fitness and workout videos to help women keep fit at home too. Pre WWII there were 50 magazines aimed at women, all of which were geared towards helping women in their domestic role. Examples include: Women and Home, Good Housekeeping, and Woman’s Own. Since the 1970s articles and magazines have moved beyond reinforcing the domestic role of women focusing on recipes, fashion, health issues, careers advice, divorce and abortion amongst other important issues. Websites such as the BBC lifestyles page have changed the lives of women as they have given women access to tips and guidance on how to improve their quality of life in areas such as health, leisure and advice on balancing family and work life.

Explain why increased free time has changed the lives of women in recent times. (6 marks) 1-2 marks Brief overview, or description. 3-4 marks Gives more than one reason. 5-6 marks Explains three or more reasons. 4 minutes 3 minutes

How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? [12+3] Need to look at developments over the course of the century. Have developments always improved the lives of women, if so how? Explain impact on specific groups of women! What developments have improved the lives of women and how? How have some developments had a negative impact on the role of women? Increased leisure time NHS Domestic technology Attitudes towards the role of women Family sizes1930s/ means test Increased expectations Attitudes towards the role of women How far have the lives of women changed?

How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? [12+3] Paragraph on traditional role and problems. Paragraph on how life changed in 1930s. Paragraph on impact of welfare state. Paragraph on impact of developments in family planning. Paragraph on labour saving devices/increased leisure time. Balanced judgement: How much nave these developments improved the lives of women? 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women. 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women.

How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? [12+3] S tart (Traditional role) T hirties (better and worse) U niversal healthcare F ree time F amily planning Judgement! 20 minutes 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women. 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women.

How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? [12+3] Paragraph on how life changed in 1930s. In the 1930s family life got worse for many women particularly in the north of England due to the great depression which left many men who worked in factories out of work. Due to this, many women struggled to ‘make ends meet’ by relying on soup kitchens and diets of margarine and butter, often starving themselves to ensure that their children and husbands ate which led to many women growing prematurely old. However, for some women, particularly in the South East life improved as there were huge slum clearance schemes with nice, airy semi detached houses being built, also with an in crease in bank holidays many got to go on holiday to the seaside. 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women. 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women.

How far have developments in home and family life since 1900 improved the lives of all women in Wales and England? [12+3] S tart (Traditional role) T hirties (better and worse) U niversal healthcare F ree time F amily planning Judgement! 20 minutes 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women. 1-3 marks Brief comments 4-6 Describes life in three periods of time. 7 marks Explains how life got better OR worse in three periods. 8-9 marks Begins to give a balanced answer. ‘However’ statements Balanced evaluation of how each development changed the lives of women.