1 Mood Disorders Module 38

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3 Psychological Disorders Mood Disorders  Major Depressive Disorder  Bipolar Disorder  Explaining Mood Disorders LinkLink 58:53

4 Major Depressive Disorder Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders. In a year, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women report depression worldwide (WHO, 2002).

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6 Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions. 1.Lethargy and fatigue 2.Feelings of worthlessness 3.Loss of interest in family, friends & life 4.Loss of interest in activities Signs include:

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8 Bipolar Disorder Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. Multiple ideas Hyperactive Desire for action Euphoria Elation Manic Symptoms Slowness of thought Tired Inability to make decisions Withdrawn Gloomy Depressive Symptoms

9 Mood (or Affective) Disorders Depressive Disorders –Major Depressive Disorder (weeks or months) –Dysthymic Disorder (mild but 2 or more years) Bipolar Disorders –Depression mixed with Mania Mania = Elated, excited, active emotional state. –Bipolar I Disorder or Manic Depression –Bipolar II Disorder or Hypomania (hypo=under) –Cyclothymic Disorder Not as extreme as Bipolar, but over a long period of time. More detail than you need here…

10 Bipolar Disorder Many great writers, poets, and composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic phase creativity surged, but not during their depressed phase. Whitman WolfeClemensHemingway Bettmann/ Corbis George C. Beresford/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library The Granger Collection Earl Theissen/ Hulton Getty Pictures Library

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12 Explaining Mood Disorders Since depression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1998) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: 1.Behavioral and cognitive changes 2.Common causes of depression

13 Theory of Depression 3.Gender differences

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15 Theory of Depression 4.Depressive episodes self-terminate. 5.Stressful events often precede depression. 6.Depression is increasing, especially in the teens. Post-partum depression Desiree Navarro/ Getty Images

16 Pharmacology Bipolar disorders most effectively treated with tricyclic antidepressants and Lithium Carbonate Lithium serves as a mood stabilizer

17 Suicide The most severe form of behavioral response to depression is suicide. Each year some 1 million people commit suicide worldwide. 1.National differences 2.Racial differences 3.Gender differences 4.Age differences 5.Other differences Suicide Statistics

18 Suicide Rates in Various Ethnic Groups Young Latinas have the highest rate of attempted suicide in the US compared to any other demographic.

19 Ever wonder why you did not read about your friend’s suicide in the paper or see news about it on tv…? Are the reporters just jerks who were IGNORING your friend…no,…they were actually doing the rest of us a favor! Those jerks,…she was my best friend! How dare they disrespect my

20 Suicide Publicizing suicide especially dangerous because of social proof. Auto and plane deaths increase after well publicized suicides…1000% The more publicity the more suicide Within 2 months of every front page suicide 58 more people than usual killed themselves from Cialdini, Influence

21 On March 27, 1977, on the island of Tenerife, two fully loaded 747 jumbo jets collided on a fog-blanketed runway, claiming the lives of 583 people in what is still the deadliest crash in aviation history. ……the number of people who die in commercial-airline crashes increases by 1,000 percent!

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26 Those wrists won’t cut themselves…

27 Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders have a genetic component.

28 James D. Laird and Nicholas S. Thompson, Psychology. Copyright © 1992 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission. Genetics & Risk of Mood Disorders

29 The Depressed Brain PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. Courtesy of Lewis Baxter an Michael E. Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine

30 Social-Cognitive Perspective The social-cognitive perspective suggests that depression arises partly from self- defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.

31 Negative Thoughts and Moods Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed.

32 Depression Cycle 1.Negative stressful events. 2.Pessimistic explanatory style. 3.Hopeless depressed state. 4.These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.

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34 The Diathesis-Stress Model Diathesis = predisposition

35 DSM-IV Classification System APA (American Psychological Association) Diagnostic & Statistical Manual #4 Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder Axis II: Personality Disorders (disruptive behavior patterns) /Mental Retardation Axis III: Relevant Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems Axis V: Level of Psychological, Social, and Occupational Functioning (Global Assessment of Functioning GAF)

36 DSM-IV Classification System Axis I: Diagnosed Mental Disorder –Anxiety Disorders Phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorderm OCD – Somatoform Disorders Conversion Disorder, Hypochondraisis –Dissociative Disorders Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) –Mood Disorders Depression, Bipolar –Schizophrenia

37 DSM-IV Classification System Axis 2: Personality Disorders & Retardation –Personality Disorders Avoidant – avoids newness Dependent – indecisive, overreliant on others Obsessive Compulsive – rigid, perfectionistic Passive-Aggressive – procrastinates, “forgets” Paranoid – guarded, overcautious Scizoid – isolated, inexpressive Antisocial – detatched, strange Borderline – unstable, fearful of being alone Histrionic – seductive, shallow, moody Narcissistic – entitled, self-absorbed…