Global energy security By the end of the lesson you will; 1) Recap the locations that are energy rich and those locations that have an energy surplus 2) Have explained the different threats to the security of fuel around the world 3) Have explained the impact of Russia on the rest of Europe 4) Have applied your new knowledge

 Direct access to fossil fuel reserves is a coincidence of geological history and international boundaries.  Some countries find themselves with more fossil fuel sources than their needs  Reserves run down over time, as is the gas with the UK’s once abundant North Sea oil and gas  Remaining oil and gas will increasingly concentrate in the Middle East over the next 30 years. Top 15 countries by oil, gas and coal reserves in 2008 Where are resources? Task 1.Study the following maps 2.What are the trends in where fossil fuels are found around the world? 3.Why do these trends exist?

Global energy security By the end of the lesson you will; 1) Recap the locations that are energy rich and those locations that have an energy surplus 2) Have explained the different threats to the security of fuel around the world 3) Have explained the impact of Russia on the rest of Europe 4) Have applied your new knowledge

Risks to Energy Security Task Come up with as many factors that will impact on the access to resources by a country Think of recent events that may lead to risk in energy production Physical; 1.Energy resources are being rapidly depleted in the north sea 2.Events such as hurricanes and earthquakes will also have a major impact on production and supply of resources Environmentalism Nimbyism and Greenpeace Economic The physical cost of energy Political There is large scale unrest in oil rich countries (nigeria, Lybia, Iraq) Piracy off the coast of Somalia Price and payment disputes Issues between the supplier and consumer Terrorism at Choke points Supply simply runs out!

 Energy security depends on a number of factors Countries with a diverse energy ‘mix’ are less at risk than those relying on 1 or 2 sources  Renewable potential could be used to offset declining fossil fuel reserves or supply interruptions  Reliance on long distance international trade in fossil fuels may be risky  Demand and dependency are important too, as it is difficult to replace a large amount of oil with another energy source for instance Domestic fossil fuel reserves Countries like Italy and Japan have few of their own resources Domestic renewable potential Small, crowded nations like Singapore and South Korea lack renewable potential Domestic energy mix France relies heavily on nuclear power, and the UK on gas. Import pathway risk The UK imports gas from Russia and Qatar, both long distance pathways. What impacts on security?

 Gas pipeline disruption has already occurred, as disputes between Russia and Ukraine disrupted European gas supplies in 2006 and 2009  Russia holds 25% of world gas reserves, the Middle East 40% (and 56% of oil)  Disruption to narrow ocean choke points (see map) could seriously affect the flow of oil  Countries close to some choke points are unstable (Iran, Somalia, Yemen) Task What are the main issues that occur in the diagram below showing key movements of fuel around the world?

What are the impacts of disruptions? “Major disruption to Gas and Oil supplies from the middle east” Q; What are the knock on impacts of this action? 1.Soaring energy costs and rising energy poverty 2.Pressure on politicians to act; possibly rationing energy 3.Civil disruption 4.Rising costs for industry, job losses and recession 5.Unsound decisions (economically and environmentally) to rapidly develop alternative sources 6.Diplomatic conflict UK energy disruption Oct 1973Oil crisis; petrol rationing Sept 2000UK wide fuel protests over price and tax Aug 2005Further UK protests; Hurricane Katrina pushes oil prices higher Aug 2008Oil at $147 a barrel Jan 2010National Grid ‘gas balancing alerts’ are headline news ; gas supply from Norway drops on technical problems

ScenarioExplanationConsequences Oil hits $100 Sustained oil price of over $100 per barrel, for several years. Prolonged economic recession and rising fuel poverty in OECD countries Middle East meltdown Tensions in the Gulf escalate into war between Muslim factions; possibly involving Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Turkey and others. Interruption of oil and gas flows; rising prices; tension between China and USA to secure oil supply The nuclear option Wholesale shifting towards nuclear to replace fossil fuels, leads to global spread of nuclear power and technology Power stations become ‘soft targets’ for terrorism; enriched uranium and depleted plutonium get into the wrong hands…. Energy superpowers The Gulf States hold 60%+ of oil reserves and Russia/Qatar/ Iran 60%+ of gas; the world has not shifted to renewables. Energy superpowers begin to ‘name their price’ and take care of their friends; major geopolitical shifts Arctic attack Canada, Russia, USA and EU begin to exploit the Arctic for oil and gas, but without clear delineation of territorial areas. A war or words over who has the right to exploit what, quickly becomes a new cold war – possibly a hot one…… Risks to energy supply

Global energy security By the end of the lesson you will; 1) Recap the locations that are energy rich and those locations that have an energy surplus 2) Have explained the different threats to the security of fuel around the world 3) Have explained the impact of Russia on the rest of Europe 4) Have applied your new knowledge

Russia – An Energy Superpower? Task; Read through the following information sheet Answer the following questions; 1.What are the main issues surrounding gas and oil supply from Russia? 2.How have these affected other countries in Europe and worldwide? 3.What are the different solutions that are available for the countries affected?

Videos  E E  Impacts of the dispute  z8&feature=related z8&feature=related  Why is there the dispute?

Global energy security By the end of the lesson you will; 1) Recap the locations that are energy rich and those locations that have an energy surplus 2) Have explained the different threats to the security of fuel around the world 3) Have explained the impact of Russia on the rest of Europe 4) Have applied your new knowledge

Applying your new knowledge Study the following picture of a proposed gas pipe line from China, through Central Asia and into Europe. Why do you think this new route is strategically important for Europe and central Europe?

Global energy security By the end of the lesson you will; 1) Recap the locations that are energy rich and those locations that have an energy surplus 2) Have explained the different threats to the security of fuel around the world 3) Have explained the impact of Russia on the rest of Europe 4) Have applied your new knowledge

What have you learnt?