SUN & SEASONS UFO Size of Stuff in the Sky Earth  * Eye/brain gauges angular size soccer ball  alone doesn’t give you true size!

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Presentation transcript:

SUN & SEASONS

UFO Size of Stuff in the Sky Earth  * Eye/brain gauges angular size soccer ball  alone doesn’t give you true size!

Moon & Sun Earth   = 0.5 o Ack! [Pinky test.]

Angular Size & Distance Earth   = 0.5 o  > >  d

SOLAR MOTIONS

APPARENT MOTION OF SUN (Viewed from Earth) Diurnal (Daily) Motion: East to West, relative to horizon; rises & sets Annual Motion: Eastward relative to stars - reflection of orbit of Earth about sun - apparent path: Ecliptic

Meridian

Earth’s Orbit 1 2 Viewed from Earth, Sun circles sky once per year. 1 2

Sun appears to pass through 13 constellations: ‘Zodiac’ Gemini Cancer Leo etc... Ophiuchus

EQUINOXES & SOLSTICES

Vernal Equinox Autumnal Equinox Winter & Summer Solstices

Vernal Equinox: March 21 Autumnal Equinox: September 23 Summer Solstice: June 21 Winter Solstice: Dec 21

DAILY SOLAR MOTION CHANGES WITH SEASONS

Motion N/S of Celestial Equator  > Rising/setting points vary > Noon altitude varies > Duration of daylight varies Mar 21 – Sep 23: sun north of celestial equator  sun above horizon > 12 hrs Sep 23 – Mar 21: sun south of celestial equator  sun above horizon < 12 hrs Sep 23 & Mar 21: sun on celestial equator  sun above/below horizon 12 hrs

41 o Mar 21 Sep 23

41 o Mar 21 Sep o – 41 o 23.5 o [State College]

Annual variation in motion of sun in sky results from... change in orientation of Earth relative to sun:

Summer Solstice Winter Solstice p. 24

Northern Winter Solstice

Northern Summer Solstice [Demo, #3]

REASONS FOR THE SEASONS

Temperature varies from season-to-season – Why? - Sunlight more direct in summer (than in winter) - More daylight hours in summer (and fewer in winter)

Northern Winter Solstice

Northern Summer Solstice

Summer SunWinter Sun

No significant temperature change due to change in Earth-sun distance - e.g., N. hemisphere not much closer to sun than S. hemisphere in summer - Earth actually closest to sun in January!

 January July  Earth’s Orbit – Exaggerated Earth only ~ 3% closer in January than July