The Development of Sociology By Jon K. Loessin

Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte ( ) French scholar Prodigy/Genius Enlightenment/Modernity Utopian Socialist AND, Eccentric

Affected by Conflicts Raised in the aftermath of the French Revolution (1789) Wealthy, elitist upbringing Witnessed poverty, disease, destruction, social disorder Concluded that “Order should be restored…” in society…and should be a universal right of all individuals Parents were staunch royalist Catholics but sent Auguste to study at a polytechnic university Recognized religion and science as old natural enemies It was a seemingly irresolvable conflict that was the root cause of revolution and social upheaval Concluded this must be resolved to bring about order, peace and unity in the world

Genius and Megalomania “There is a fine line between genius and insanity.” Comte, Nietzsche, and many others throughout history are examples Comte took it upon himself to solve the perpetual conflict between religion and science…and came to believe he was the ONLY person smart enough to accomplish the feat. He formulated a theory to demonstrate where society had been and where it was going—The Law of Human Progress.

Comte’s Law of Human Progress Often called the “stages of human knowledge” Each stage describes how humans throughout existence, explain the causes of phenomena There are two competing modes of explanation—the RELIGIOUS (or THEOLOGICAL) and the SCIENTIFIC (or the POSITIVE) EACH of these stages contain THREE SUBSTAGES that serve to explain social evolution and the future

Theological Substages The three substages of the THEOLOGICAL are: A. Fetishism—objects, icons, idols, etc. as causation attributing causes of phenomena to inanimate objects or the will of nature B. Polytheism—multiple gods as causation Phenomena are the result of many different deities C. Monotheism—a singular deity as causation i.e. God wills all things to happen

Positive Substages The three substages of the POSITIVE are: A. Metaphysical—a major transitional phase Earthly cause/effect relationships, not God, cause phenomena, but may be unknown at present. B. Polyscientific (Comte’s present world) Multiple sciences explain phenomena within their realm and foster the expansion of more sciences C. Monoscientific Future unity of all sciences into one SUPERSCIENCE— the science of all the sciences= SOCIOLOGY

The “New” Religion Thus, for Comte, the evolution of religion through the stages of theology and later the positive were all part of the same process where only the labels changed and beliefs were refined. Since science explained phenomena once reserved exclusively for theology, science became the “new and improved” religion… God was replaced as a being to worship by science, which should now be worshipped…and the science of society he called SOCIOLOGY was to be the religion of modern humanity—humanity worshipping itself “Order and Progress” became the Positivists’ motto

Ready for the bizarre? Three brief stories all ending with great irony: Comte founded a “religious” cult with the religion being SOCIOLOGY—and lost his followers! (see Comte’s Positive Philosophy (1830) and Positive Politics (1854) Comte became a scholarly pariah (and profoundly depressed) and died of cancer in 1857 long before sociology became a mainstream academic science—and witnessing himself being credited with the title, “the Father of Sociology” (see Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, and Charles Darwin) Comte may not have even been “the Father of Sociology” (see Giambattista Vico) but instead, perhaps a plagiarist!

The Aftermath While Comte never saw his promise and purpose of sociology fulfilled, his creation blossomed into an academic study that was multi-disciplinary and an important tool for understanding and interpreting the world. SOCIOLOGY--The scientific study of human groups and social organization including the interrelationships in and between the various elements of society FIN