Civil War!!

Events Leading to…(ReCap)  Missouri Compromise  Wilmot Proviso  Compromise of 1850  Fugitive Slave Laws/Personal Liberty Laws  Kansas-Nebraska Act  Bleeding Kansas

Dred Scott  Dred Scott was a slave; owner takes Scott with him to Illinois & Wisconsin (free states) to live  4 years later Scott & his master move back to Missouri  Scott’s master died & Scott sues for freedom  Scott argued he should be free on the grounds that he became free when entering a free state  Missouri Court ruled against Scott; case went to the US Supreme Court  March 6, 1857 – Chief Justice Roger Taney upheld the ruling against Scott, saying Scott had no right to sue because he was considered property  Huge victory for slave supporters; slavery cannot be prohibited

Lincoln-Douglas Debates  Stephen Douglas is running for re-election as Senator for Illinois (1858)  Running against him is Abraham Lincoln (Republican)  Douglas is against slavery, but runs a “popular sovereignty” campaign –He argues Popular Sovereignty would allow slavery to “pass away” (tries to get support from North & South)  Lincoln argues anti-slavery  Both participate in a series of debates over slavery  Douglas wins the Senate seat, but Lincoln gains respect

Harper’s Ferry  October 16, 1859 John Brown led 21 men to Harpers Ferry, Virginia  Goal was to capture the US arsenal and use the guns to arm the local slaves for an uprising  Attack goes wrong; Brown and his men get trapped in the arsenal  US Army is sent in  10 men were killed (including 2 of Brown’s sons)  Brown is wounded, captured, and put on trial for treason  Brown is found guilty of treason and hanged  Event causes further split between North & South –South views Brown as evil –North views Brown as a martyr

Election of 1860  Republican Party surprises many, nominates Abraham Lincoln as their presidential candidate  Lincoln campaigns against spread of slavery, but promises no interference with slavery in the South  Southerners don’t believe Lincoln’s promise; most states leave him off their ballots  4 major candidates, which splits the votes  Lincoln won the election, but received less than ½ of the popular vote (wins no Southern state)  South upset that Lincoln wins, feeling they have no political power  South uses election to argue conflict between state’s rights and federal control – leads to secession

Secession! (Not succession)  Lower South secedes, led by SC. –TX, LA, Miss, AL, GA, SC, & FL form Confederate States of Am. –“states voluntarily joined USA; they could also choose to leave” –Jefferson Davis chosen as President of CSA  Lincoln has 3 options –Let South go in peace –Offer a compromise –Make South return to the union (war)  War begins at Fort Sumter, SC (April 12, 1861) –Union troops stationed in Charleston control Ft. Sumter –Supply ship turned away in January by southern blockade –Lincoln sends supplies again; Davis orders attack on Ft. Sumter –Southern troops bombard Ft. Sumter; Union troops give up

War!!!  Attack on Fort Sumter is open act of aggression; Lincoln calls for volunteer troops to attack South  Virginia is unwilling to fight fellow Southerners –VA secedes on April 17; 3 more states follow (NC, TN, AK) –Loss of VA is major blow to North (large pop & some industry) –Western VA secedes from VA; will form West Virginia in 1863  Advantages/Disadvantages –Population: North has 22 million, South has 9 million (4 million are slaves –90% of all US factories are in the North –2x as many railroads in the North –South had geographic advantage (knowledge of the land) –South had a “cause” as well as better military leaders

Battle Strategies  Northern had to conquer South in order to win  Battle Strategy called the “Anaconda Plan” – 3 parts –Blockade southern ports; cut off imports & exports –Take control of Mississippi River; cut the South in ½ –Take Southern capital of Richmond, VA  Southern Strategy is defensive –Trying to win independence; mainly have to defend & prolong war –Southern leaders encouraged to attack if opportunity arises –Invasion of North possible  Major Leaders –North: McLellan, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, Grant, Sherman –South: Lee, Jackson

Union Generals: Top (l-r) – McLellan, Burnside, Hooker; Bottom (l-r) – Meade, Grant, Sherman

Confederate Generals – Robert E. Lee & Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Major Battles  Bull Run – 1 st fighting of the war; South wins  Monitor v. Merrimack – 1 st ironclad battleships  Antietam – bloodiest single day of fighting; Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation (British stay out)  Fredericksburg – greatest victory for South  Chancellorsville – Stonewall Jackson killed  Gettysburg – TURNING POINT of the war; South fights defensively for remainder of war  Vicksburg – splits South in ½; North controls Miss.R.  Atlanta/Sherman’s March – assures Lincoln’s re-election; cripples Southern morale  Appomattox Courthouse – General Lee surrenders ending the war