W12/12/12; F12/9/11; H-F12/2-3/10; M12/8/08 Civil War Intro (Ch & 15.2; pp )

I. Objectives S. – independence – protect slavery – states’ rights N. – return to Union – (later ~ – end slavery, but still not full emancipation) – (stop spread of slavery) Power of central government? – would continue to be issue for both sides

A. Advantages & Disadvantages Confederacy Union

A. Advantages & Disadvantages ConfederacyUnion

A. Advantages & Disadvantages (#5) ConfederacyUnion

II. Raising Troops (#1) A. Volunteers vast majority for both sides – 80% of S; 92% of N B. Draft Confederacy – Conscription Act (only 20%) – 20 slaves exemption

II. Raising Troops (#1) (cont.) B. Draft (cont.) Union Enrollment Act – Substitute/commutation (or buy out) – Loopholes – both sides – buy out/substitute – Why? Each side needs money “rich man’s war, but poor man’s fight”

II. Raising Troops (#1) (cont.) B. Draft (cont.) NYC Draft Riots – 1863 – 5 days, hundreds killed – Veterans from Gettysburg called in – racial & class tensions exposed

Map of NYC Draft Riots

III. Financing War (#2) A.Overview federal spending prior to war – new concept – only ~2% of GNP prior to war – rose to ~15% of GNP during war Q: How to pay for war? – war bonds and taxes (1 st direct taxes in 30 years) – print more money (inflation!)

III. Financing War (#2) (cont.) B. South 1 st war bond ($15M) – Aug – need specie – use up most of S. specie after war bond taxes – largely ineffective & inconsistent (only 5% of revenue in S) – location to tax collectors paper money – printed more & more money – became worth less (cost $1 in 1861, cost $46 in 1864) – incredible inflation (9,000%)

III. Financing War (#2) (cont.) C. North war bond ($150M) – Jay Cooke not enough specie (hoarding, overseas) Salmon P. Chase – Treasury Sec. Legal Tender Act (1862) – issued $150M in “greenbacks” – Inflation, but not as bad as S. (about 80%) Taxes – income tax, liquor tax – mix of direct & indirect taxes – much more effective than S. (about 21% of revenue)

IV. Political Leadership (#3) Lincoln vs. Davis A. South Jefferson Davis (Pres. - MS) – fought w/ Alexander Stephens (VP – GA) – Davis: need strong central gov’t to win war – Stephens (and others): states’rights lots of conflict, tension one political party – – internal strife – similar to “Era of Good Feelings”

IV. Political Leadership (#3) (cont.) B. North – Abraham Lincoln (Pres. – IL) Compromise – political party strife Dems vs. Reps – multiple beliefs debate strengthened party loyalties diverse opinion on cabinet – radicals and conservatives

V. Border States (#4) issue of slavery? – Lincoln avoids – Why? – keep Border States in Union – DE, MD, KY, MO (later WV) POPB, yeomen – touchy subject throughout war, esp. w/ emancipation

VI. Strategies A. North Anaconda Strategy – blockade (US Navy) & rivers – Confed. Navy? – build from scratch – MS River – David Farragut (New Orleans) – TN River – U.S. Grant VA – McClelland – “slows” turnover in leadership – – Scott, McClelland, Burnside, Hooker, etc.

VI. Strategies (cont.) B. South defensive war 2 fronts: – VA (most of fighting) – MS/TN rivers