Cell Structure: Organelles EQ: How are plant and animal cells alike and different?

Cells are everywhere. Even though most cells cannot be seen with the naked eye, they make up every living thing. Your body contains trillions of cells. Cells

Living cells are dynamic and have several things in common They are all the smallest unit that is capable of carrying on life functions They all have a cell membrane surrounding it and are filled with a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm. They all have ribosomes and DNA Common Cell Traits

Cell Types Prokaryotic An organism that is made of a single cell No nucleus They have a cell wall Bacteria, Archea Cell Types

Eukaryotic Have a nucleus, and other membrane-bound organelles. Anything not considered bacteria or archea are eukaryotic Plants, animals, Fungi Cell Types

Within a eukaryotic cell, there are structures called organelles. Each organelle has its own specific job to do. Analogy: City Organelles are interdependent Cell Organelles

Cell Wall Found only in plant cells The outer layer of a plant cell, it is strong, and made of cellulose. It supports and protects the plant. It allows water and carbon dioxide to pass in and out of the cell. “Wall of the City” Cell Wall

Cell Membrane Found in both plant and animal cells. Gives support and protection to the cell. Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell. Barrier between the cell and its environment Maintains homeostasis “Gatekeeper” Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm Found in both plant and animal cells Not a true organelle Jelly-like material found inside the cell membrane. It supports and protects the organelles. Chemical reactions necessary to cell function occur here. “Ground” Cytoplasm

Vacuole Found in plant cells They are fluid-filled sacs. They support the cell They store water They store digestive enzymes “Storage Tank” Vacuole

Chloroplast Found in plants only Green, oval, usually contains chlorophyll. Traps energy from the sun to make food for the plant (photosynthesis) “Food Producer” Chloroplast

Nucleus Found in both plant and animal cells The control center of the cell Contains the DNA “City Hall” Nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Found in both plant and animal cells Extending from the nucleus to the cell membrane, it is a series of folded membranes Processes substances Moves substances Rough ER makes proteins Smooth ER make lipids and break down toxins “Transportation Center” Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Ribosomes Found in plant and animal cells Smallest organelle Most common organelle They are small bodies that are either free floating or attached to the ER Make proteins “Assembly Line” Ribosomes

Mitochondria Found in both plant and animal cells Bean-shaped with inner membranes Breaks down sugar molecules The broken down sugars are use for cellular respiration Results in ATP (energy) “Power Plant” Mitochondria

Lysosome Found mainly in animal cells. Small, round and membrane-bound Protects the cell from foreign invaders Destroy worn out organelles Gets rid of the waste “Sewer System” Lysosome

Golgi Complex Found in plant and animal cells. Packages and distributes proteins and other materials out of the cell “Packaging Factory” Vesicles: “Packages” Golgi Complex

Plant Cell Animal Cell Cells http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

The Organization of Living Things Seventh Grade Science

In some ways, cells are like machines…

Each organelle is specialized, just as parts are specialized in a machine…..

But while most machines have many parts…. Some organisms exist as a single cell. Other organisms have many --- even trillions of cells Most cells are smaller than the period at the end of a sentence in your Science book. Yet, every cell in every organism performs all the processes (transportation, protein production, waste disposal, etc) of life. ARE THERE ANY ADVANTAGES TO BEING MULTICELLUAR???? But while most machines have many parts….

YES!!!! There are many benefits of being multicellular! “Multi” means “many” We are multicellular Multicellular organisms grow by making new cells, not by making their cells larger. YES!!!! There are many benefits of being multicellular!

Benefits of being multicellular Larger size While many multicellular organisms are small, they are larger than single-celled organisms Larger organisms usually have fewer predators. Larger predators can eat a wider variety of prey Benefits of being multicellular

Benefits of being multicellular Longer Life The life span of a multicellular organism is not limited to the life span of any single cell One cell = dead when cell dies Multicells = longer life Benefits of being multicellular

Benefits of being multicellular Specialization Each type of cell has a particular job. This specialization makes the organism more efficient. Cardiac muscle cells Benefits of being multicellular

Cells Working Together http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODfJjMaQmvA

As you know, organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi complex make up cells. Organelles Make Cells

And in turn, groups of cells make up tissues.

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific job. Animals have four basic types of tissues Nerve tissue: reacts to stimuli Muscle tissue: contract and move bones or muscle Connective tissue: provides a framework and support for other tissues Protective (Epithelial) tissue: provides protection (skin) Cells make up tissues

Cells Make up Tissues Plants have three basic types of tissues Transport (Vascular) tissue: move water and nutrients Protective (Dermal) tissue: helps plant retain water and protects Ground tissue: photosynthesis Cells Make up Tissues

A structure made up of two or more tissues working together to perform a specific job is called an organ. Tissues make organs

Tissues make organs Your heart is an organ Mostly made of cardiac tissue , but also contains nerve tissues and the tissues of your blood vessels. They all work together to make your heart pump blood through your body Tissues make organs

Tissues make organs Your stomach is also an organ Muscle tissue makes food move in and through your stomach. Special tissues make the chemicals that digest your food. Connective tissues hold your stomach together Nerve tissues carry the message to your brain to signal hunger or “fullness”. Tissues make organs

Tissues Make Organs Animals Plants Intestines Brain Lungs Stems Roots Leaves Tissues Make Organs

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function is called an organ system Each organ system has a specific job to do Digestive System: break down food into smaller particles Stomach Intestines Organs Make Systems

Systems make Organisms All organ systems together make up an organism. Anything that can perform life processes by itself is an organism. Can be one-celled (unicellular) Can be many celled (multicellular) Systems make Organisms

Structure and Function The arrangement of parts in an organism The shape of the part Materials the part is made of Lungs: large, spongy sac The job that part does Lungs: bring air to the body Structure and Function

Levels of Organization Organelles make up cells Cells make up tissues Tissues make up organs Organs make up organ systems Systems make up organisms Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organism OCTOSO Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems, Organism http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODfJjMaQmvA Levels of Organization