Chapter 16 Minerals/Mining.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 16 Minerals/Mining

General Mining Law of 1872 Open up federal land for mining by anyone who stakes a claim Their way to encourage settlement of the west. No provisions for environmental protection of reclamation.

Minerals Mineral- Minerals found in Rocks => naturally formed aggregates or mixtures of minerals Ores - Two Types of ores

Minerals Metals- Nonmetallic- What are the most abundant minerals in earth’s crust

Minerals formed by 4 methods: Magmatic concentration- -Examples Hydrothermal process- - Examples

Minerals formed by 4 methods: 3. Sedimentation- Examples – 4. Evaporation- Examples -

Minerals discovered by photos: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Extracting minerals Surface mining Cheaper Safer More environmental damage Overburden- over lying layers of soil & rock Spoils- waste rock Tailing Piles- pile of spoils or spoil bank Subsurface mining More expensive More dangerous to workers Less environmental damage

Open Pit Mining

Open Pit Equipment

Subsurface mining

Modern Day Subsurface Mining

Types of Surface mining Open pit/quarries Strip – photos Dragline/Mountaintop removal Photos of Dragline Mining

Dragline

Types of Subsurface mining Shaft (directly down) Coal Mine Slope Minerals removed from ores via processing For metals, use process called smelting (melting at high temp.) to produce molten metal & impurities (slag) Use a blast furnace

Mountain Top mining Video on mountain top mining in West Virginia

Problems w/ mining Habitat destruction/soil erosion Water quality degradation- acid mine drainage Water supply (mining uses lots of water) Air pollution (mineral processing) Energy use

Problems w/ mining Derelict lands- Reclamation- Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act of 1977- regulated reclamation for surface coal mines (not regulated for any other kind of mine!) Ways to clean up: -

Top 5 mineral Producers U.S. Canada Australia Russia Federation South Africa U.S. uses ~ 20% of world metals

Definitions Mineral reserves- Mineral resources- Total resources or the World reserve base = Life index of world reserves= Hard to predict because: New discoveries of ore Plastics/synthetics replace metals consumption/economic changes

New Deposits Antarctica Antarctic Treaty of 1961- limits activities to peaceful scientific uses Madrid Protocol (Environment Protection Protocol to Antarctic Treaty) 1990 Moratorium on mineral exploration & development for minimum of 50yrs. Ocean Sea water (salts) or seafloor (manganese nodules) UN Convention on Law of the Sea (1994) One focus was on sea mining Not binding for territorial waters (12 mi. out) Only for international minings

How to Extend Reserves Conservation Find substitute Reuse Recycle Find substitute Sustainable manufacturing- reducing waste in manufacturing Dematerialization- decreased in water weight of object w/ same or better lifetime

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