ANATOMY of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS CHAPTER 4 ANATOMY of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE Dr. Reitano

BASIC STRUCTURE OF ___KARYOTIC CELL

Basic Bacterial Shapes BASIC SHAPES: 1. __________ rod-shaped 2. Coccus __________ 3. Spiral

PROKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURES (Outer Membrane) Cell Wall Cell Membrane ______________ Cytoplasm Nucleoid Region _____ Double-stranded circular _____________ Inclusions/granules Endospores ___________ Glycocalyx ________ Slime layer Appendages Flagella Pili Fimbriae Axial Filaments

______________ DESCRIPTION Sticky, gel-like made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both surrounds cell TYPES ______ – organized, firmly attached to cell wall; ex. S. mutans Slime layer – unorganized, _______ attached to cell wall, ex. S. __________, B. _________ FUNCTION __________ protect against phagocytosis Protection against dehydration ________ – play role in attachment and production of biofilms

________________ Microbes ______ to solid surfaces and grow into _____________ Masses will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants

____KARYOTIC FLAGELLA Description long, whip-like appendages Location external to cell Structure ______ -outermost hook-widest basal body-anchors Function _____________ Runs, tumbles, swarms Chemotaxis - response to chemical signals

AXIAL FILAMENTS in ___KARYOTES a.k.a. endoflagella Description Bundles of filaments Location Anchored at 1 end of spirochete cells Wrap around the length of the spirochetes, ex. T. pallidum, B. burgdorferi Function Spiral, corkscrew ___________

PROKARYOTIC __________ Description hair-like appendages Location Surrounds entire cell or at poles of cell Function __________ (_______________) Ex. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Structure Protein (pilin)

PROKARYOTIC _________ Structure Long, rigid, tubular structures 1 or 2 per cell Function Conjugation – transfer of _________ from 1 bacterial cell to another

BACTERIAL CELL __________: determine ________ provide structural __________

COMPARISON of GRAM POSITIVE and GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL CELL WALLS

PEPTIDOGLYCAN Polymer of a _______________ N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Linked by polypeptides Figure 4.13a

BACTERIAL CELL ____ STRUCTURE ____________________________________________________ Figure 4.13b, c

GRAM-_____________ CELL WALLS PG -thick __________ acids: Alcohol + phosphate Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan May regulate cation(+ ion) movement in and out cell Provide antigenic specificity Play role in cell growth Figure 4.13b

GRAM _________ CELL WALL PG - thin _______________ Structure Lipopolysaccharides Lipoproteins Phospholipids Porins Function ____________ Helps evade phagocytosis Helps evade complement action Barrier to certain antibiotics (penicillin), lysozyme, detergents, metals, some dyes

ATYPICAL BACTERIAL CELL ______ _______________ sp. Lack cell walls Sterols in plasma membrane Ex. Mycoplasma pneumoniae ___________ Wall-less, or Walls of pseudomurein (lack PG): (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

DAMAGE to BACTERIAL CELL WALLS Some methods include: ________- digests bonds between disaccharides in peptidoglycan. In G+, results in _____plasts (totally wall-less cells). In G-, results in ______plasts (semi wall-less cells). _______- inhibits formation of peptide bridges in peptidoglycan. G+ bacteria more susceptible than G- bacteria

Gram __________ BACTERIAL CELL WALL SUMMARY Gram __________ Thick peptidoglycan _______ acids In acid-fast cells, mycolic acid present Thin peptidoglycan _________________ Periplasmic space Figure 4.13b–c

PRINCIPLE of __________ Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell Gram-________ ________ dehydrates peptidoglycan CV-I crystals do not leave Gram-___________ _________ dissolves outer __________ and leaves holes in __________________ CV-I _______________

___________ CELL MEMBRANE MODEL STRUCTURE: PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER + __________ FUNCTION: controls ________ into and out of cell, PERMEABILITY DAMAGE to PLASMA Membrane- Results in leakage of cell contents/CELL DEATH Caused by: Alcohols, Ammonia (detergents), Polymixin antibiotics Figure 4.14b

INTERNAL COMPONENTS OF ____KARYOTIC CELLS _____________ substance inside the plasma membrane NUCLEAR AREA (___________ region) Genetic material Single, circular chromosome RIBOSOMES(____) Function in protein synthesis Figure 4.6a, b

_____KARYOTIC INCLUSIONS Phosphate reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation ________________ Protein covered cylinders Iron oxide (destroys ____) Metachromatic granules (volutin) Polysaccharide granules Lipid inclusions _________ granules ______________ Gas vacuoles ____________

ENDOSPORES ____________ cells Resistant to desiccation, ______, chemicals Bacillus sp., Clostridium sp. ___________: Endospore formation Germination: Return to __________ state

____karyotic Cell What groups of microorganisms are eukaryotic?

BASIC COMPARISON of ___________ CELL STRUCTURE

Flagella and ______* *no _____ in _____karyotic cells ___karyotic Flagellum: Structure Microtubules Tubulin 9 pairs + 2 arrangement Figure 4.23a, b

EUKARYOTIC _________ PROPERTIES* Function - ______, __________ Structure (lack ____________ acid) Carbohydrate Cellulose, chitin, glucan, mannan Plants, algae, fungi Cell walls _____ present in ______ cells Glycocalyx Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma membrane Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane

EUKARYOTIC PLASMA _____________ STRUCTURE - Phospholipid bilayer + ________ -Sterols (may be present)- protection against lysis -Carbohydrates-serve as -attachment + recognition sites FUNCTION -Selective ___________- allows passage of some molecules: water, simple sugars, oxygen, amino acids, carbon dioxide -Enzymes for ATP production

Cytoplasmic Structures of __KARYOTIC CELLS _____________ Substance inside plasma membrane and outside nucleus Cytosol ____ portion of cytoplasm Cyto__________* microfilaments Intermediate filaments microtubules provide support and movement for cytoplasm Cytoplasmic ___________* Movement of cytoplasm throughout cells

__KARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES* Membrane-bound: __________ Contains chromosomes, genetic information; histone proteins** ER Transport network between plasma and nuclear membranes ____ complex Membrane formation, distribution, protein packaging Lysosome Digestive enzymes Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support Mitochondrion Cellular _________ (70S ribosomes) Chloroplast(plants) _____________ (70S ribosomes) Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES Not membrane-bound: _______________ Protein synthesis (80S*) _______________* Cell division Consists of protein fibers and centrioles ______________* Mitotic spindle formation

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview _________________ One circular chromosome, not in a membrane No histones No organelles _______: peptidoglycan cell walls Archaea: pseudomurein cell walls Divides by ________ fission ________________ _________ chromosomes, in nuclear membrane Histones Organelles Polysaccharide cell walls, when present Divides by ________

_______________________ THEORY __karyotes evolved from ____karyotes Prokaryotes develop a___________ Eukaryotes ingest ________ bacteria – become _____________________ Eukaryotes ingest photosynthetic bacteria – become chloroplast Figure 10.2

PLASMA ___________ Function Selective __________ – allows passage of some molecules via the following transport mechanisms: _________ transport NO ATP needed Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis __________ transport – ATP needed Transporter protein Group translocation Endocytosis Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf particles Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid and dissolved substances

Movement Across Membranes PASSIVE TRANSPORT Simple ______________: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. ________________ diffusion: Solute combines with a _________ ________ in the membrane.

Movement Across Membranes ____________ TRANSPORT __________ ___________: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES Facilitated Diffusion (Passive Transport) __________ combines with a transporter protein in the membrane. Figure 4.17

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES ___________ (passive transport) Movement of __________ across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water conc. Osmotic pressure The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane. Figure 4.18a

Movement of WATER across Membranes- Osmosis (Passive Transport) Movement of water from a ______ concentration of ________ to a lower concentration of water ( favorable gradient) through a phospholipid bilayer. b. through __________ (water transporting protein channels). Figure 4.17d

The Principle of ___________ Figure 4.18a–b

THE EFFECT of ________ on _____

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES ___________ transport Transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. Group translocation Transport of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS __________ TRANSPORT

________ vs. ______ TRANSPORT CLASSIFICATION of TRANSPORT TRANSPORT PROTEIN DIRECTION of MOVEMENT REQUIRES ATP TYPE of TRANSPORT SIMPLE DIFFUSION ____ With concentration gradient No ____________ FACILITATED ___ – carrier Proteins or channel proteins ___________ Passive ACTIVE TRANSPORT Yes – carrier Proteins _______ Gradient ________ Active

COMPARISON of PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS CELL PART FUNCTION PROKARYOTIC CELL* EUKARYOTIC CELL Cell Wall Support/Protection Present* ________ only Plasma membrane Homeostasis/ Transport Present Nucleus Control Center Absent Genetic Material Cell Function/Properties Circular _________________ Histones Gene regulation/organization Ribosomes Protein Synthesis Present (_______) Present (________) ____________ Internal Structure Mitochondrion Energy Production Chloroplast Photosynthesis Absent* Endoplasmic Reticulum Intracellular transport/ chemical reactions Golgi Apparatus Protein packaging/transport ___________ Digests Material Present in some Vacuole Storage