The Structure of the Atom The Building Block of Matter

Atomic Structure At the conclusion of our time together, you should be able to: List the 3 major subatomic particles with their relative size, mass and charges List 3 other sub-subatomic particles (not General) Define the mass number, atomic number and symbol from an element on the periodic table

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The Atom An atom consists of a nucleus (of protons and neutrons) electrons in space about the nucleus. Electron cloud Nucleus

Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element Parts: Nucleus – small region in the center of the atom. (+ charged protons, and o charged neutrons) Electron Cloud – large region, compared to nucleus, where electrons are found.

Check out the Size of Nucleus vs. Electron Cloud If Cleveland Stadium were an atom, a marble on the 50 yard line would represent the nucleus. The atom is extremely small. One teaspoon of water has 3 times as many atoms as the Atlantic Ocean has teaspoons of water.

Can We See Atoms? Yes Magnesium atoms (white) above Boron atoms (grey) seen by the transmission electron microscope

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The Atom Proton Neutron Electron Electron shell / Electron cloud Nucleus The Atom 9

The Atom Nucleus The center of the atom. (it has protons & neutrons) Electron shell / Electron cloud The Atom 10

Summary of Atomic Particles Protons (p+) + electrical charge mass = 1.673 x 10-24 g relative mass = 1.007 atomic mass units (amu) but we can round to 1 Neutrons (no) no electrical charge mass = 1.675 x 10-24 g relative mass = 1.009 amu but we can round to 1

Summary of Atomic Particles Electrons (e-) negative electrical charge mass = 9.109 x 10-28 g relative mass = 0.0005 amu but we can round to 0

Proton Neutron Electron Mass 1 amu 1 amu 0 amu Charge +1 0 -1 13

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Tevatron – World’s highest energy particle accelerator. 4 miles in circumference Why? To find even smaller particles!!!

We send protons and antiprotons in opposite directions, and smash them together.

Particle accelerator

Particles Matter anti-Matter Example: electron positron e-1 e+1

Particles Matter anti-Matter Example: Proton anti-Proton P-1 P+1

Quarks Leptons 2 3 Up electron Down e-1 -1 3

Neutron Made of 3 Quarks 1 up 2 down d u d

Proton Made of 3 Quarks 2 up 1 down u d u

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Mass Comparison Proton is about 1800 x electron e-1 . Proton Electron

Subatomic Particles Summary Quarks Fast moving point of energy Sum of the charges is the electrical charge He  Up quark = + 2/3  Down quark = - 1/3

Quark Calculations (for protons and neutrons) Each proton is 2 up quarks and 1 down quark 2(2/3) + 1(-1/3) = 4/3 – 1/3 = 3/3 or +1 Each neutron is 2 down quarks and 1 up quark 2(-1/3) + 2/3 = 0

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Atomic Number, Z All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus, Z 13 Atomic Number Al Atomic Symbol 26.981 AVERAGE Atomic Mass

Mass Number Number of protons + number of neutrons in an atom. Example: 2 protons and 2 neutrons When solving for number of neutrons: round average atomic number properly, subtract the atomic number from the mass number. Example: K with atomic number 19 and average atomic mass 39.0983 amu. 20 neutrons

Mass Number, A C atom with 6 protons and 6 neutrons is the mass standard = 12 atomic mass units (amu) Mass Number (A) = # protons + # neutrons NOT on the periodic table It is the Average atomic mass (which is on the periodic table) rounded to the nearest whole number

Element Symbols Hyphen Notation: Element symbol – Mass # (rounded) Example: Helium  He-4 Nuclear Symbol: Superscript Mass Number, Subscript Atomic Number, Symbol Example: 4 He 2

Atomic Structure Let’s see if you can: List the 3 major subatomic particles with their relative size, mass and charges List 3 other sub-subatomic particles Define the mass number, atomic number and symbol from an element on the periodic table

In Summary Atomic number = the # protons and also the # electrons if the atom is neutral Mass Number from PT = Average atomic number rounded to the nearest whole number Mass Number = # protons + # neutrons

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Which two subatomic particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? Proton / Electron Proton / Neutron Electron / Neutron Proton / Quark Neutron / Quark

The atomic number represents the number of … if neutral. Protons Neutrons Protons + Neutrons Protons + Electrons

The mass number represents the number of … Electrons Protons + Electrons Protons + Neutrons Neutrons + Electrons

What is the correct Hyphen Notation for Calcium

An atom has 14 protons and 20 neutrons. The element is … Si Ca Se C

An atom has 15 protons and 17 neutrons. What element is it? Cl He Ge P

The isotope C-16 has which of the following? 16 protons 6 neutrons 8 neutrons 10 neutrons 12 electrons 16 neutrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

The isotope N-16 has which of the following? 16 protons 7 neutrons 8 neutrons 9 neutrons 16 electrons 16 neutrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

The nucleus contains (select the best answer)… Protons Neutrons Electrons Photons Answer 1 and 2 Answer 1 and 3 Answer 2 and 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

If an element with atomic #12 has 13 neutrons, what is it’s atomic mass? 1. 12 2. 13 3. 24 4. 25 5. not listed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

If an element with atomic #12 has 13 neutrons, how many electrons does it have? 1. 12 2. 13 3. 24 4. 25 5. not listed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

If an atom is neutral, which subatomic particles would be equal? Protons and neutrons Neutrons and electrons Protons and Electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

If an element with atomic #30 has a mass #65, how many neutrons will it contain? 1. 30 2. 65 3. 95 4. 35 5. not listed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

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