Chapter 6, Section 1

 Rome’s Geography  Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic location

 Early Rulers  Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers  Romans found a republic—a government in which citizens elect leaders.

 Patricians and Plebeians  Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic  Patricians—wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power  Plebeians—artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but cannot rule  Tribunes—elected representatives who protect Plebeians’ rights

 Twelve Tables  In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets.  Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later Roman law.  Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of the law.  Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners.

 Government Under the Republic  Rome elects two consuls—one to lead the army and one to direct government.  Senate—chosen from Roman upper class; makes foreign and domestic policy.

 The Roman Army  Roman legion—military unit of 5,000 infantry, supported by cavalry.  Army is powerful and a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness.

 Rome Conquers Italy  By 265 B.C., Rome controls the entire Italian peninsula.  Rome treats the conquered peoples justly. This enables Rome to grow.

 War with Carthage  Rome and Carthage begin the Punic Wars—three wars between 264 through 146 B.C.  Rome defeats Carthage and wins Sicily in the first 23- year war.  Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, avenges this defeat in the Second Punic War.  He attacks Italy through Spain and France, but doesn’t take Rome.  Rome Triumphs  Roman defeat Hannibal in 202 B.C.  Rome destroys Carthage and enslaves its people in the Third Punic War from B.C.

Chapter 6, Section 2

 Economic Turmoil  Gap between rich and poor widens as Roman Republic grows.  Civil war—conflict between groups within the same country begins.

 Military Upheaval  Military becomes less disciplined and disloyal.  Soldiers recruited from the poor; show loyalty only to their generals

 Julius Caesar Takes Control  Military leader Julius Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C.  Military victories give Caesar increasing popularity and power.  Caesar is named dictator for life in 44 B.C.

 Caesar’s Reforms  Caesar makes reforms: grants wider citizenship, creates jobs for the poor.  Group of senators opposes Caesar and murders him on March 15, 44 B.C.

 Beginning of the Empire  43 B.C. Caesar’s supporters take control; become Second Triumvirate.  Octavian accepts title of Augustus, “exalted one,” and rules Rome.

 Pax Romana  Under Augustus, Rome moves from a republic to an empire.  Power no longer resides with citizens, but in a single ruler.  Rome enjoys 200 years of peace and prosperity known as Pax Romana  A Sound Government  Augustus creates a lasting system of government.  Glorifies Rome with beautiful public buildings

 Slaves and Captivity  Slavery is a significant part of Roman life in both cities and farms.  Some slaves become gladiators; forced to fight to the death.  Gods and Goddesses  Early Romans honored guardian spirits and gods Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva.  Worship of emperor becomes part of official religion of Rome.

Chapter 6, Section 3

 Romans Conquer Judea  Rome conquers Judea, home of the Jews; makes it part of the empire in A.D. 6  Many Jews believe in a coming Messiah (meaning anointed one), or savior, who will eventually free them.

 Jesus of Nazareth  Jesus was born in Bethlehem sometime around 6 to 4 B.C.  He is a carpenter until about the age 30 when he begins preaching. Mosaic of Jesus at Church of San Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy.

 Jesus Death  Many Jews view Jesus as the Messiah; others see him as a false teacher.  Roman governor Pontius Pilate sentences Jesus to be crucified.

 Growth of Christianity  Followers spread Christianity—new religion based on the teachings of Jesus.  The term “Christian” to designate followers of Christianity was first used in Antioch (see Acts 11: 26).see Acts 11: 26

 Persecution of the Christians  Christians won’t worship the Roman gods or the emperor. They are considered enemies of the State.  Roman rulers use Christians as scapegoats for hard times.  As Pax Romana crumbles, Christians are crucified, burned, and killed in the arena.

 Christianity’s Expansion  Christianity becomes a powerful force and appeals to people because of these reasons:  embraces all people  gives hope to the powerless  appeals to those repelled by extravagance of Roman life  offers a personal relationship with God  promises eternal life after death

 Constantine Accepts Christianity  Constantine—Roman emperor battles for control of Rome in A.D  He has a vision of a cross—the Christian symbol—and places it on soldiers’ shields.  He believes Christian God helped him win the battle and legalizes Christianity.

Chapter 6, Section 4

 End of Marcus Aurelius’ reign as emperor (A.D ) brought about end of Pax Romana. Ruler’s after Marcus Aurelius had no idea how to deal with the giant empire and its problems.

 Agriculture faced serious problems  Harvests were increasingly meager because soil lost fertility.  Years of war destroyed farmland. Serious food shortages, disease, and population decline resulted.

 Roman military in disarray  less disciplined soldiers  allegiance to commanders, not to Rome itself  Later Romans lose their sense of patriotism.

 Constantine Moves the Capital  A.D. 312 Constantine gains control of the western part of the empire.  A.D. 324 he secures the eastern empire and the system of a single ruler.  A.D. 330 Constantine moves the capital from Rome to Byzantium on the Bosporus Strait between Europe and Asia.  The center of power shifts from Rome to the east.

 An Empire No More  Roman power in the western half of the empire ceases to exist.  The eastern half of the empire comes to be called the Byzantine Empire, and flourishes for 1,000 years.  The Byzantine emperors ruled from Constantinople.

THE LEGACY OF ROME The Latin Language o Latin was official language of Roman Catholic Church until 1900s o Develops into French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian o More than half the words in English stem from Latin

THE LEGACY OF ROME Master Builders Romans pioneer use of arch; also used domes and concrete o Create aqueducts—structures to bring water into cities, towns

THE LEGACY OF ROME Roman System of Law o Principles of Roman law form basis of modern legal systems Rome’s Enduring Influence o By preserving and adding to Greek civilization, Rome strengthened the Western cultural tradition