HEREIN lie buried many things which if read with patience may show the strange meaning of being black here in the dawning of the Twentieth Century. This meaning is not without interest to you, Gentle Reader; for the problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color-line. W.E.B. DuBois (1903) The Souls of Black Folk The Forethought

 Washington, DuBois, et al (1903) The Negro Problem: A Series of Articles by Representative Negroes of Today  Gunnar Myrdal (1944) An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem in Modern Democracy  Andrew Hacker (1995) Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal  Studs Terkel (1992) Race: How Blacks and Whites Think and Feel about the American Obsession  West (1993) Race Matters  Massey and Denton (1993) American Apartheid

The Face of Disaster?

Lives Disrupted Where to go? The Tip of the Iceberg

Piles of debris St Louis, 2010

The New American Urban Landscape Detroit, 2011 Buffalo, 2010 South Bronx, 2011

Great Migrations - Economic and Social Reasons 1910 – 1940; African Americans moving to industrial North from agricultural South Restrictive Housing Sections of Impoverished Housing Poverty Lacking Education Job Skills The Promised Land

1950 – 1970: Brown v Board of Education (1954) White Flight - Urban abandonment Erosion of tax base High social and economic inequality Health disparity Growing income disparity Growing Segregation

 The Chicago School  Social Conditions  Social Structure  Poverty  Unemployment  Education  Social Process  Learning  Opportunity

Susceptibility Time Stable and Variant Predictors  Multi-dimensional Risk  Family  School  Peers  Neighborhood  Individual (Self)

The Truly Disadvantaged Wilson (1987) (1997) The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy When Work Disappears : The World of the New Urban Poor Inner city African American communities Departure of African American Middle Class Remaining population less skilled-less educated Loss of industrial employment increases marginalization High poverty-Unemployment

 Lack of Resources  Limited Organizational Supports  Low Social Capital  Low Collective Efficacy  High Social Isolation

Individual Risk Environment Individual Risk Environment Social Structural Economic Conditions Community Isolation Low Collective Efficacy Social Processual Social Learning Opportunity Delinquent Sub-cultures Multi-Dimensional Risk Family Peers Schools Individual Clusters of Youth in Risk Clusters of Youth in Risk

Resource Saturation  Community Mobilization and Empowerment  Challenge and Asset Assessment  Resource Evaluation  Resource Coordination  Combination › Evidence-based › Capacity Building of Extant Structures