MODELS

Models help us understand complex phenomenon. Different communication models illustrate different aspects of communication.

Aristotle’s classical model

This model is more focused on public speaking than interpersonal communication

Example: Alexander gave brave speech to his soldiers in the war field to defeat Persian Empire. Speaker-Alexander Speech-about his invasion Audience-Soldiers

Shannon & Weaver Model of Communication This model was created in 1949 by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. •The basis for this model was a study of telephone conversations over a very lengthy two year time. •The team studied only what they deemed to be “important” or “significant” calls of some length. • •The focus was on the mechanics of the messages.

According to Shannon and Weaver's model,a message begins at an information source, which is relayed through a transmitter, and then sent via a signal towards the receiver. But before it reaches the receiver, the message must go through noise (sources of interference). Finally, the receiver must convey the message to its destination.

EXAMPLE A loud motorbike roaring down the road while you’re trying to hold a conversation. •Your little brother standing in front of the TV set.

Lasswell VModel Harol D Lasswellstatesthataconvenient wayto describeanactofcommunicationistoanswerthefollowingquestions:

Given by sociologist Harold Lasswell in 1948 •One way process •Model says that communication is the process of transmission of messages. •It raises the issue of effect rather than ‘meaning’. •It urges that what are the effects seen, observed and measured in the receiver after the process of communication.

Who Says what . In which channel . To whom . With what effect?

Assumptions: In this model it is assumed that -the message that is passed by any medium chosen, reaches the receiver without any distortion or change. •For Example: -a letter, email, text message.

HOW IT WOKS •Inthismodel,informationispassedfromthesendertoreceiverwithaproperflowandapropermedium. •Thereceiverpassivelyreceivesthemessage. •Andthenreceiveractsasdirectedordesiredbythesender.

Advantage of Lasswell model It is Easy and Simple •It suits for almost all types of communication •The concept of effect

Drawbacks Linear model •A one way act •Model is not interactive •No feedback •Noise not mentioned

W. Schramm Model Wilbur Schramm proposed the model of communication in 1971.

Schramm emphasized the necessity of overlapping field of experience in communication through his model. •A breakdown in communication can also occur if the sender and receiver are not in the same wavelength. •This is true in human communication as well as in mass communication.

The overlapping field of experience in communication is known as empathy. •The term “empathy” means the ability of an individual to project oneself into the role of another. •The overlapping field of experience or empathy is directly proportional to the extent of communication effectively.

David Berlo’s model In 1960, David Berlo expanded on Shannon and Weaver’s (1949) linear model of communication and created the SMCR Model of Communication

The BerloS-M-C-R Model accounts for a variety of human variables that are present in person-to-person communication. When one is attempting to convey an emotionally complex message, the Berlo

The source represents where the information originates, the source of the communication. The message is the encrypted piece of information provided by the source. The channel, then, is the medium of transmission from the source to the receiver, and the receiver is the end recipient of the information.

It is a Circular Model, so that communication is something circular in nature Encoder – Who does encoding or Sends the message (message originates) Decoder – Who receives the message Interpreter – Person trying to understand (analyses, perceive) or interpret Note: From the message starting to ending, there is an interpretation goes on. Based on this interpretation only the message is received.

OSGOOD

This model breaks the sender and receiver model it seems communication in a practical way. It is not a traditional model. It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and receiver and hence use interpretation. It is simultaneously take place e.g. encoding, interpret and decoding. Semantic noise is a concept introduced here it occurs when sender and receiver apply different meaning to the same message. It happens mostly because of words and phrases for e.g. Technical Language, So certain words and phrases will cause you to deviate from the actual meaning of the communication.

Dynamic model- Shows how a situation can change It shows why redundancy is an essential part Assume communication to be circular in nature Feedback – central feature.

E. g a student approaches his teacher who is home E.g a student approaches his teacher who is home. The student will present and describe his problem, the teacher then decodes what he/she have heard offering a solution. It could be that the teacher does not fully understand what problems the student has verbally presented. Alternatively the student may not be able to understand the advice of the teacher due to a heavy accent. The semantic noise in this case would be language; this misinterpretation could have an impact on the marks and studies of the student.

that this type of semantic noise could occur more specifically in the elderly, as they may not have a great deal experience of communicating with persons who have foreign accents.