1 Human Populations

Population Clocks /popclock.html U.S. 313,293,842 World 7,004,581,878 05:36 UTC (EST+5) Apr 03, 2012

3 Human Population Levels Throughout History ADD FIG. 4.2

Current World Birth and Death Rates Every second: about 4 children are born, while about 2 other people die In 2010 Net gain: 2.3 humans were added to the world population every second 227,000/day 83 million more people in one year

2010 Population Numbers by Country 2060 (estimated)

6 ADD TABLE 4.1

7 Human Population Levels Throughout History ADD FIG. 4.2

Exponential Growth = the increase in a population (biotic potential) assumes no resource limitations. Example: Bacterial Growth

Carrying Capacity = Maximum population an ecosystem can maintain on a sustainable basis Fur Seals were almost hunted to extinction.

10 World Population Growth

High Medium Low High 10.9 Medium 9.3 Low 7.3 Year Population (billions) 2000 Projected Population Growth Oops…By 2012 we have already exceeded 7 billion

Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase Developed Countries Rate of natural increase birth rate death rate Rate of natural increase = birth rate –death rate Developing Countries Rate per 1,000 people birth rate Rate of natural increase death rate Year © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning

Age Cohorts = allows a study of the # of individuals of the same age group and sex It helps to plan for the different needs of the parts of a population, like children or old people.

So, the rate of growth declines, but the population still grows quickly. Why?

15 Regional Declines in Total Fertility Rates

We hope it continues to decline!

Births per woman < Data not available Fertility Rate per Woman

Primary Education Completion Rate

19 Education and Fertility Rates

CIESIN 2005 % of Children aged 0-5 years Underweight in 2000

Africa has the most severe nutrition problem

Under-5 mortality 2003 (WHO 2006 Annual Report)

World Health Organization data 2001 (from Global Health Council Leading Causes of Death in Children (<5y/o) Role of malnutrition Perinatal (22%) All other causes (29%) HIV / AIDS (4%) Diarrhea (12%) Measles (5%) Malaria (8%) Pneumonia (20%) Malnutrition underlying factor (60%)

What are the principal factors associated with child mortality? 1.Education 2.Nutrition 3.Family income 4.Water, Sanitation, housing 5.Health Care 6.War and violence 7.Inequality Common denominator: Poverty and Disparity

NYT Feb 11, 2001

FOOD INSECURITY and OBESITY linked to RISING INEQUALITY

Do we have the resources to improve basic conditions globally? Cosmetics (USA) Ice cream (EU) Perfumes (USA & EU) Pet foods (USA & EU) Business entertainment (Japan) Cigarettes (EU) Alcoholic drinks (EU) Narcotics (global) Military (global) Basic education Water & sanitation Reproductive health services Basic health and nutrition Source: Human Development Report 1998, Chapter 1, p.37, UNDP Chapter 1, p spending ( $Billions ) Cost for universal access

NYT

Decisions on how many children to have are influenced by many factors, including culture, religion, politics, need for old-age security, and immediate family finances.

31 China's one-child- per-family policy decreased the country's fertility rate from 6 to 1.8 in two decades. However, the policy is very controversial.

32 Fig. 4.13

The US is #1 ! Not only in military spending but: The US has the highest fertility rates of any 1 st world nations. The US also has the highest infant mortality rates of any 1 st world nation. The US has the highest STD rate of any 1 st world nation

world's top 15 military spenders Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

US Arms Sales US Arms industry is larger than rest of world combined Every year the US sells over $6 Billion of arms to poor countries Lucrative industry – little regulation

SCF State of the World's Mothers 2004 In Phillips County,Arkansas, the birth rate among teenage girls in 2000 was 127 births per 1,000 w omen aged 15 to 19 - a rate higher than in 94 developing countries. A fifth of 20-yr old women who gave birth in the US gave birth did so in their teens Birth rates per 1000 women aged 15-19

Infant Mortality Rate, 2002 * Data: International estimates—OECD Health Data 2005; State estimates—National Vital Statistics System, Linked Birth and Infant Death Data (AHRQ 2005a). Infant deaths per 1,000 live births International variation Source: Commonwealth Fund National Scorecard on U.S. Health System Performance, 20067

*Austria, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland had fewer than 20 deaths reported and therefore rates were not calculated. Youth violence Olympics—Homicide rates among youth aged (most recent year available) from the World Health Organizations’ World Report on Violence and Health, 2002* Krug et. al. 2002

United Nations Human Development Report 2007 UN Human Development report 2007 Life Expectancy (years) - Top 30 Nations

The US spends more than 2 – 100x/ person on health care than other nations but with a lower life expectancy than most 1 st world nations.

GLOBAL Health: A Take Home Message is Sharing. The health of populations is determined mostly by how well that population’s resources are shared and early childhood is most important period.

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