Homework Problems Chapter 13 –Review Questions: 1-3, 9-11 –Review Problems: 1, 2, 7 –Web Inquiries: 1, 4 Homework Problems Chapter 14 –Review Questions: 2, 4, 7, 9-11, 13 –Review Problems: 3, 6, 9 –Web Inquiries: 1 Stellar Evolution

Main Sequence Life Time

After approximately 10 billion years of steady core hydrogen burning, a Sun-like (1 solar mass) star begins to run out of fuel. The situation is a little like that of an automobile cruising effortlessly along a highway at a constant speed of 55 mph for many hours, only to have the engine suddenly cough and sputter as the gas gauge reaches empty. Out of Fuel

What happens when all of the Hydrogen in the core is used up and converted into Helium? Source of energy is gone, gravity wins. Contraction resumes. Contraction leads to increase in density and temperature in the core. Contraction

Hydrogen fusion begins in a shell outside the original core as the temperature increases. H-He shell burning

H-shell Source

Core Slice

Larger Radii Stellar Evolution

Main Sequence Turn-off

Larger Radii Main Sequence Turn-off

Evolved Stars Giant Stars

The helium flash terminates the giant star's ascent on the red- giant branch of the H-R diagram. Yet despite the explosive detonation of helium in the core, the flash does not increase the star's luminosity. On the contrary, the helium flash produces a rearrangement of the core that ultimately results in a reduction in the energy output. On the H-R diagram, the star enters a stable state with steady helium burning in the core and hydrogen burning in a shell. This adjustment in the star's properties occurs quite quickly, over about 100,000 years. Core Helium Burning

Helium Flash

2 4 He He 4 8 Be +  4 8 Be He 6 12 C +  Helium Flash and triple alpha

The nuclear reactions in our star's helium core burn on, but not for long. Whatever helium exists in the core is rapidly consumed. The triple-alpha helium-to-carbon fusion reaction, like the proton-proton and CNO-cycle hydrogen- to-helium reactions before it, proceeds at a rate that increases very rapidly with temperature. At the extremely high temperatures found at this stage, the helium fuel doesn't last long, no more than a few tens of millions of years after the initial flash. Higher temperatures yield higher reaction rates. Carbon Core Buildup

Post Helium Flash Helium Fusion Track

Once the star runs out of helium in the core, contraction begins again. Eventually the core temperature allows helium fusion to occur. H-He, He-C shell burning

1 M sun Evolutionary Track

As our red supergiant ascends the asymptotic giant branch, its envelope swells while its core, too cool for further nuclear burning, continues to contract. If the central temperature could become high enough for carbon fusion to occur, still heavier products could be synthesized, and the newly generated energy might again support the star, restoring for a time the equilibrium between gravity and radiation. For 1 solar-mass stars, however, this does not occur. The temperature never reaches the 600 million K needed for a new round of nuclear reactions to occur. The red supergiant is now very close to the end of its nuclear- burning lifetime. The End

Red Giant and Planetary Nebula Animation

Planetary Nebula

HR Diagram Planetary Nebula

1 M sun Evolution Summary

1 M sun Evolution Animation

White Dwarfs Mass 1.1 solar masses Radius solar radii (5500 km) Luminosity (total) 0.04 solar luminosities (1.6 x10 25 W) Surface temperature 24,000 K Average density 3x10 9 kg/m 3 Sirius B

M > M sun Higher Mass Stars

Core Carbon Fusion

Onion Skin Layers

Iron Core

High Mass Stars Nuclear Products

Energy Generation

SuperNova

High Mass Stars

Life and Death

h and  Persei

Globular Cluster

Horizontal Giant Branch