Define corrections in terms of criminal justice… Then, provide three examples of corrections used in the US today. Provide pros and cons of each. Corrections refers to the great number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses. In addition to prisons and jail, corrections include probation, halfway houses, education and work release programs, parole supervision, counseling, and community service.

Chapter 10: Criminal Justice in America

Colonial Period (1600s-1790’s)  Features Anglican Code Capital & Corporal Punishments, fines ○ 13 capital offenses  Philosophical Basis Religious Law Doctrine of Predestination ○ God has plan

Penitentiary Period (1790’s-1860’s)  Features Separate Confinement Reform Individual Power of Isolation & Labor According to severity of crime  Philosophical Basis Enlightenment Declaration of Independence Religious Penitence Power of Reformation

Reformatory Period (1870’s-1890’s)  Features Indeterminate Sentences Parole Rehab Programs Separate for Juveniles  Philosophical Basis National Prison Assoc. Crime as moral disease Criminals as “victims of social disorder”

Progressive Period (1890’s-1930’s)  Features Individual Case Approach Administrative Discretion Broader Probation & Parole Juvenile Courts  Philosophical Basis Age of Reform Punishment according to need Crime as urban, immigrant ghetto problem

Medical Period (1930s-1960s)  Features Rehab primary focus Psychological testing Various types of treatment  Philosophical Basis Biomedical Science Psychiatry & Psychology Social Work Practice Crime as signal of personal “distress” or “failure”

Community Period (1960’s – 1970’s)  Features Reintegration into community Avoid Incarceration Vocational/Educational Programs  Philosophical Basis Civil Rights Movement Critique of Prisons Small is better

Crime Control Period (1970s-2000s)  Features Determinate Sentence Mandatory Sentence Sentencing guidelines Risk Management  Philosophical Basis Crime Control Rising Crime Rates Political shift to right New punitive agenda