Eukaryotic chromosome compared to a prokaryotic one.

DNA - Structure The structural subunit is a nucleotide. Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogen base.

DNA Structure

DNA

DNA Replication

This image is from your text. If you can find the error in their illustration of DNA replication, you have a good understanding of the process.

New nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the new DNA strand.

DNA Replication Animation

DNA Replication New nucleotides are manufactured during the lag phase of the bacterial growth curve.

Thymine vs. Uracil

Protein Synthesis: transcription RNA polymerase

Transcription

tRNA structure

20 amino acids

Translation

Operon pg. 225 (pg. 229) mRNA binds here

Repressible Operon (pg. 225)

Repressible Operon Binds to Inactive Repressor Inactive Repressor

Repressible Operon

Inducible Operon (pg. 224)

Inducible Operon

Inducible Operon pg. 224

RNA Codons

Missense

Nonsense Mutation

Base Substitution

Frameshift

Viruses ch. 13

Virus Structure Protein Capsid Receptors

Enveloped Virus

Influenza Hemagglutinin: Receptor Site. Allows attachment to host cell. Neuraminidase. Enzyme, breaks down mucus, assists virus as it moves in and out of cell.

polyhedral complex helical enveloped

Lytic Cycle

Viruses ch. 13

Agriculture Transgenics On the Market Source: USDA Insect resistant cotton – Bt toxin kills the cotton boll worm transgene = Bt protein Insect resistant corn – Bt toxin kills the European corn borer transgene = Bt protein NormalTransgenic

Virus resistance - papya resistant to papaya ringspot virus transgene = virus coat protein Source: Monsanto Herbicide resistant crops Now: soybean, corn, canola Coming: sugarbeet, lettuce, strawberry alfalfa, potato, wheat transgene = modified EPSP synthase or phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase

Biotech chymosin; the enzyme used to curdle milk products transgene = genetically engineered enzyme bST; bovin somatotropin; used to increase milk production transgene = genetically engineered enzyme Source: Rent Mother Nature Source: Chr. Hansen

Next Generation of Ag Biotech Products Source: Minnesota Microscopy Society Golden Rice – increased Vitamin A content (but not without controversy) transgene = three pathway enzymes Sunflower – white mold resistance transgene = oxalate oxidase from wheat

Turfgrass – herbicide resistance; slower growing (= reduced mowing) Bio Steel – spider silk expressed in goats; used to make soft-body bullet proof vests (Nexia)

Environmental Applications Bioremediation - cleanup contaminated sites; uses microbes designed to degrade the pollution Indicator bacteria – contamination can be detected in the environment

Tooth decay – engineered Streptococcus mutans, the bacteria that destroys enamel Future Health-related Biotech Products Vaccines – herpes, hepatitis C, AIDS, malaria

Edible Vaccines Transgenic Plants Serving Human Health Needs Works like any vaccine A transgenic plant with a pathogen protein gene is developed Potato, banana, and tomato are targets Humans eat the plant The body produces antibodies against pathogen protein Humans are “immunized” against the pathogen Examples: Diarrhea Hepatitis B Measles

Prions

Long chain of abnormal prion chains starting to build.

Prions