Chapter 4, Sections 1 and 2 Ancient Greece

Mountains 80 percent of Greece is mountainous 80 percent of Greece is mountainous Mountains isolated Greeks from one another Mountains isolated Greeks from one another This led communities developing unique ways of life from their neighbors This led communities developing unique ways of life from their neighbors Communities were fiercely independent, and political Communities were fiercely independent, and political This also led to conflict and war between the city states This also led to conflict and war between the city states

Seas Aegean sea to the East Aegean sea to the East Mediterranean sea to the South Mediterranean sea to the South Ionian sea to the West Ionian sea to the West As a peninsula its coastline is filled with bays, inlets, and many natural harbors As a peninsula its coastline is filled with bays, inlets, and many natural harbors Many island also dot the coastline of Greece Many island also dot the coastline of Greece

Sea People Greek culture has always been tied to the sea Greek culture has always been tied to the sea They were great Seafarers They were great Seafarers They sailed throughout the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black sea They sailed throughout the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black sea They set up many colonies throughout these areas They set up many colonies throughout these areas

Minoan Civilization By 2800 B.C. a bronze age civilization develops on Crete By 2800 B.C. a bronze age civilization develops on Crete Minoans were not Greek, but were a great influence on them. Minoans were not Greek, but were a great influence on them.

Minoans named after King Minos. Minoans named after King Minos. Minoans sea empire reached Southern Greece and Egypt Minoans sea empire reached Southern Greece and Egypt

Knossos The center of the Minoans culture was the city of Knossos The center of the Minoans culture was the city of Knossos Knossos was the center of trade Knossos was the center of trade Arthur Evans discovered the elaborate building it was full of vases, ivory figurines, and jewelry. Arthur Evans discovered the elaborate building it was full of vases, ivory figurines, and jewelry. Brightly colored rooms with scenes of nature and daily life Brightly colored rooms with scenes of nature and daily life Store rooms holding gigantic jars of oil, wine, and grain. Store rooms holding gigantic jars of oil, wine, and grain.

Beautiful Walls

Knossos re-creation

Sudden Death? Around 1450 B.C., Minoan civilization suffered a catastrophic and sudden collapse. Around 1450 B.C., Minoan civilization suffered a catastrophic and sudden collapse. Some believe a tidal wave caused by a volcanic eruption. Some believe a tidal wave caused by a volcanic eruption. Most believe it was from invasion from mainland Greece by the Mycenaean's. Most believe it was from invasion from mainland Greece by the Mycenaean's.

Mycenae: 1600 B.C B.C. Mycenae was one of the main fortifications of this civilization on the mainland of Greece Mycenae was one of the main fortifications of this civilization on the mainland of Greece Indo-European peoples took over Greece Indo-European peoples took over Greece Powerful Monarchs ruled Powerful Monarchs ruled They lived in huge palaces in the city with huge walls protecting it. They lived in huge palaces in the city with huge walls protecting it. Civilians usually lived outside of the city walls. Civilians usually lived outside of the city walls.

Location: Peloponnesia

Views of Mycenae Views of Mycenae

Warring People Mycenaean's were a proud and warring people. Mycenaean's were a proud and warring people. Murals depicted battles and hunting most often. Murals depicted battles and hunting most often.

Traders Mycenaean's were also great traders Mycenaean's were also great traders Their pottery has been found everywhere from Syria, Egypt, Sicily, Italy, and west. Their pottery has been found everywhere from Syria, Egypt, Sicily, Italy, and west. What does this tell us about their culture? What does this tell us about their culture?

Trojan War The greatest story of the Mycenaean’s was the Trojan war. The greatest story of the Mycenaean’s was the Trojan war. This story was told by the Greek poet Homer This story was told by the Greek poet Homer Most historians do agree that Homer’s story does have basis in fact. Most historians do agree that Homer’s story does have basis in fact.

Homer. (Not that Homer though) Doh!

Collapse 1300 B.C.- Earthquakes and fighting between cities began to ruin the civilization 1300 B.C.- Earthquakes and fighting between cities began to ruin the civilization 1200 B.C. Invaders from the North moved in 1200 B.C. Invaders from the North moved in By 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization collapsed. By 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization collapsed.

Dark Age 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. Greece experienced a Dark Age 1100 B.C. – 750 B.C. Greece experienced a Dark Age Farm production dropped Farm production dropped Population dropped Population dropped Many people moved to Islands and Ionia (Turkey) Many people moved to Islands and Ionia (Turkey)

Changes Towards the end of the Dark ages there were major changes though Towards the end of the Dark ages there were major changes though Iron Tools led to: Iron Tools led to: 1) Farming increase 2) Population increase 3) Trade increase 4) Weapons were more affordable Greeks also adopted the Phoenician Alphabet Greeks also adopted the Phoenician Alphabet Reading and writing expanded as did overall knowledge Reading and writing expanded as did overall knowledge

Homer- Epic Poems Another major development: Another major development: Epic poems by Homer. (Trojan War, Iliad and Odyssey) The stories taught values such as courage, and honor. They were passed down from generation to generation Also helped create a Greek identity

Chapter 4 section 2 Organization of City States City states were known as the “Polis”- Town or village plus the surrounding land Our word Politics comes from this word

Each city state had a hill with an Acropolis. This was usually a temple or fortified place of refuge. Each city state had a hill with an Acropolis. This was usually a temple or fortified place of refuge. Below was the Agora, or a place where people assembled and had a market. Below was the Agora, or a place where people assembled and had a market.

The Acropolis The Acropolis The Agora The Agora

Rival City States: Athens and Sparta The 2 most powerful city-states

Sparta Located in Peloponnesia Located in Peloponnesia Sparta needed more land Sparta needed more land Took over its neighbors, the Laconians, and the Messenians. Took over its neighbors, the Laconians, and the Messenians. They were all forced to work the fields as serfs, or slaves. They were all forced to work the fields as serfs, or slaves. The Spartan word for them were Helots. The Spartan word for them were Helots.

Military State In order to keep peace, they formed a military state. In order to keep peace, they formed a military state B.C. Sparta was organized in a rigid, militaristic manner B.C. Sparta was organized in a rigid, militaristic manner Boys at age 7 went away to military school Boys at age 7 went away to military school From ages they had active military service From ages they had active military service Age 30 they could move home, but were still in the military until age 60 Age 30 they could move home, but were still in the military until age 60

Spartans in Battle Spartan soldiers were heavily armed with a short sword, a shield, and a pike (spear) that was 9 feet long. Spartan soldiers were heavily armed with a short sword, a shield, and a pike (spear) that was 9 feet long. The soldiers fought shoulder to shoulder in a rectangle formation known as a Phalanx. This formation was very difficult to defeat, as the Spartans were extremely disciplined. The soldiers fought shoulder to shoulder in a rectangle formation known as a Phalanx. This formation was very difficult to defeat, as the Spartans were extremely disciplined. Spartan warriors were notorious for their bravery and fierceness in battle. Spartan warriors were notorious for their bravery and fierceness in battle.

Women’s Role Women of Sparta were also expected to be strong Women of Sparta were also expected to be strong They taught the Spartan values at home, and lived by them as well. They taught the Spartan values at home, and lived by them as well. “ Come home either carrying your shield, or being carried on it” was the saying women told their men. “ Come home either carrying your shield, or being carried on it” was the saying women told their men. Obviously, Glory was more important than life itself. Obviously, Glory was more important than life itself.

Women Continued….. Women had many rights and were highly respected in Spartan society, as their role was vital to its survival. Women had many rights and were highly respected in Spartan society, as their role was vital to its survival. Weakness was not accepted and glory was everything to the Spartans. Weakness was not accepted and glory was everything to the Spartans.

Nothing But War Since Spartans were all about war, they did not believe nor allow the following: Art Art Philosophy Philosophy Theater Theater Travel (for fear of new ideas being brought back to Sparta) Travel (for fear of new ideas being brought back to Sparta)

Athens Located in the State of Acadia Located in the State of Acadia Athens is the opposite of Sparta Athens is the opposite of Sparta Athens initially had monarchs Athens initially had monarchs Later an Aristocratic government Later an Aristocratic government Finally, they had Tyranny, where one Tyrant makes all decisions Finally, they had Tyranny, where one Tyrant makes all decisions This was not accepted because the people had no rights This was not accepted because the people had no rights

Athens Government The violence between the citizens and the Tyrant led to the beginning of democracy. The violence between the citizens and the Tyrant led to the beginning of democracy. Cleisthenes, a new leader created a council of 500 leaders to run the government. Cleisthenes, a new leader created a council of 500 leaders to run the government. The Athenian assembly was formed of male citizens who could debate and vote on all final decisions of the government The Athenian assembly was formed of male citizens who could debate and vote on all final decisions of the government This was the beginning of democracy This was the beginning of democracy

Important in Athens Important in Athens Athens encouraged Art Athens encouraged Art Many great philosophers were from Athens including, Plato, Aristotle, and more Many great philosophers were from Athens including, Plato, Aristotle, and more Athens believed in Democracy, or rule of the people Athens believed in Democracy, or rule of the people Architecture was also very important in Athens Architecture was also very important in Athens Athens was also a leader in trade Athens was also a leader in trade Still had a powerful army, but an even better navy, due to its trade and location on the sea. Still had a powerful army, but an even better navy, due to its trade and location on the sea.

Athenian Art

Review For Section 2 1) What two Ancient civilizations laid the foundations for Greek culture? 1) What two Ancient civilizations laid the foundations for Greek culture? 2) Describe how these two civilizations influenced the Greeks. 2) Describe how these two civilizations influenced the Greeks. 3) If you had to live in Sparta or Athens, which one would you choose and why? 3) If you had to live in Sparta or Athens, which one would you choose and why?