Objective 3 Interdependence of Living Things Review of Ecology Bacteria, Viruses And Man’s Effects on the Environment

Food chains and Food Webs When facing food chain and food web questions, pay attention to the direction of the arrows. The energy from eating goes in the direction of the arrow at a rate of 10% moves to the next animal. Producers are always plants, they are called autotrophs meaning self feeding. They make food by photosynthesis.

Let’s look at an example question: 8 In this diagram of a marine food web, which term describes the sea turtles? A Aquatic herbivores B Autotrophic producers C Third-level consumers D Primary decomposers Producer 1 st order 2 nd order 3 rd order

What do you need to know? What lives in a digestive system to help digestion? 4 Cows and other ruminants are herbivorous animals. Their diet includes cellulose, which must be fermented before it can be digested. Which of these aid in the fermentation of cellulose in a cow’s digestive system? F Bacteria G Fungi H Algae J Viruses

What are they looking for, look at the answers! 3 of the answers deal with ancestors, so that is probably what they want. 53 Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth are present only in the embryonic stage. Which conclusion is best supported by the presence of teeth in bird embryos? A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor. B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern birds. C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food. D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to those of birds.

What can a plant do to protect itself during low rain times? It can’t move away, so it stops as much evaporation as it can. 55 Plant leaves have a waxy covering called a cuticle. When some plants are stressed by lack of water, their cuticle increases in thickness. What does this action demonstrate? A Alternation of generations in plants B Structural response to the environment C Differentiation of vascular tissue in plants D Genetic mutation induced by the environment Low rain is a change in environment, so not A or C! Also, the cuticle is a structure, so it already has genes to make it.

To kill the insects, then the bacteria must be where the insects will eat them The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive system of insects. How can these bacteria be used to control insects in crops? F Apply the bacteria to growing plants. G Expose the bacteria to low levels of light. H Remove plants from areas containing the bacteria. J Treat the bacteria with a solution of the protein crystals.

13 The diagram shows several phases of the nitrogen cycle. Which of the following describes the most likely effect of removing some plants from the area by using chemical herbicides? A The rate of erosion of rocks on the ground would be slowed. B The flow of necessary nutrients would be disrupted. C The ability of plants to complete photosynthesis would be increased. D The infiltration of water into the ground would be halted.

The 3 types of symbiotic relationships involve who helps who: Parasite, one helped one hurt; Commensalism, one helped and no effect on the other; Mutualism, both helped. 34 Which of these is the best example of a mutualistic relationship in an aquatic environment? F Some fish can survive repeated infections by harmful bacteria. G Some fish have bacteria living in their digestive tract that help the fish digest food. H Some bacteria are present in aquatic food chains in which fish are secondary consumers. J Some bacteria are aquatic decomposers that recycle nutrients useful to fish. Only the bacteria helped; commensalism. The bacteria helped, fish hurt; parasatism.

Again, what kind of relationship? 42 Which of these best describes the relationship between epiphytes and trees? F Parasitism G Migration H Commensalism J Predation

37 The table above shows percent differences in cytochrome c in four different animals. According to the table, which two animals are most closely related to each other? A Horse and dog B Dog and kangaroo C Horse and penguin D Penguin and kangaroo Look for the lowest % differences to find the most closely related!!

Be sure to review Objective 3 Vocabulary prior to the test. Angiosperm Antibiotic Autotroph Biomass Biome Biosphere Biotic Capsid Carnivore Commensalism Community Consumer Convergent evolution Cuticle Deciduous Decomposer Dicot Divergent evolution Diversity Ecosystem Evergreen Evolution Food chain Food web Fossil Gametes Gene Genetics Greenhouse effect Gymnosperm Habitat Herbivore

Heterotroph Heterozygous Hierarchy Homologous chromosomes Monocot Mutation Mutualism Niche Nitrogen cycle Nonvascular Omnivore Oxygen cycle Parasitism Pathogen Plankton Population Producer Protist Reproductive flower parts Retrovirus Root cap Saprophyte Stomata Succession Symbiosis Vaccine Virus Water cycle More Objective 3 Vocabulary