Experimental Techniques

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Presentation transcript:

Experimental Techniques Syllabus objectives : (a)Name appropriate apparatus for the measurement of time, temperature, mass and volume, including burettes, pipettes, measuring cylinders and gas syringes; (b)Suggest suitable apparatus, given relevant information, for a variety of simple experiments, including collection of gases and measurement of rates of reaction.

Measurement of Time Apparatus : stopwatch or stopclock Unit : seconds (s) minutes (min) or hours (h)

Measurement of Temperature Apparatus : thermometer Unit : degree Celsius (°C) Kelvin (K) thermometer

Measurement of Mass Apparatus : electronic balance Unit : gram (g) kilogram (kg) mass of the chemical can be read off the balance display electronic ‘top pan’ balance

Measurement of Volume Volume of Liquids : Apparatus : burette 0 ml mark Apparatus : burette for measuring accurately the volume of a liquid (0 to 50.0cm3) Accuracy : to nearest 0.1cm3 accurate volume from 0 to 50 cm3 can be measured by reading the differences of the levels before and after the liquid is released; commonly used in titrations 50 ml mark

Measurement of Volume 0 ml mark 50 ml mark Burette reading : 3.4cm3

Measurement of Volume Final : 26.5cm3 Initial : 0.8cm3 Volume of liquid added = (26.5 - 0.8)cm3 = 25.7 cm3 Initial reading Final reading

Measurement of Volume Volume of Liquids : Apparatus :pipette accurate set volume of exactly 20, 25 or 50 cm3 of liquid (to the nearest 0.1cm3) can be drawn to a mark, using a pipette filler Volume of Liquids : Apparatus :pipette for measuring accurately a fixed volume of liquid (20.0cm3 or 25.0cm3 usually) Accuracy : to nearest 0.1cm3

Measurement of Volume Pipette accurate set volume of exactly 20, 25 or 50 cm3 of liquid (to the nearest 0.1cm3) can be drawn to a mark, using a pipette filler pipette

accurate volume to the nearest cm3 of liquid can be measured Measurement of Volume Volume of Liquids : measuring cylinder accurate volume to the nearest cm3 of liquid can be measured Apparatus :measuring cylinder Accuracy : to nearest 1cm3

Measurement of Volume Measuring cylinder Correct reading: 46 cm3

Measurement of Volume Volume of Liquids : Apparatus :beaker For approximate volume of liquids

hydrochloric acid + lumps of calcium carbonate Measurement of Volume Volume of Gases : Apparatus : gas syringe rubber bung gas syringe conical flask hydrochloric acid + lumps of calcium carbonate accurate volume of gas can be manually read on the graduated scale, or automatically recorded using data logging

Measurement of Volume cubic centimetres (cm3), decimetres (dm3), Units : cubic centimetres (cm3), decimetres (dm3), litres(l) and millilitres(ml) Some conversions: 1 l = 1000 ml 1 l = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 1 ml = 1cm3

Experimental Set-up To dry a gas : Use of concentrated sulfuric acid, quick lime (calcium oxide) or fused calcium chloride.

Experimental Set-up Collecting Gases in the laboratory : Gases may be collected (1) using a gas syringe OR (2) based on the physical properties of the gas: The solubility of the gas in water The density of the gas compared to the density of air 3 Methods of collecting gases: Displacement of water Displacement of air – downward displacement Displacement of air – upward displacement

Collecting gases Gas Delivery tube Gas jar Displacement of water : Used on gases that are insoluble or slight soluble in water, e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. Delivery tube Gas Gas jar

Collecting gases Gas jar Gas Delivery tube Displacement of air - downward delivery For fairly soluble or very soluble gases in water that are heavier or denser than air. E.g. chlorine, hydrogen chloride Delivery tube Gas jar Gas

Collecting gases Gas Gas jar Delivery tube Displacement of air - upward delivery For fairly soluble or very soluble gases in water that are lighter or less dense than air. E.g. ammonia Delivery tube Gas jar Gas