W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Sunrise or sunset ?

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Factors for the reproduction of the human society

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Figures of electrical energy generation (Germany 2001) Consumption (= generation) 515 TWh ( kWh) + 2 % /a (1973) - per capita5, kWh Total capacity120 GW Sales volume60“ EUROslightly increasing Investments4“ EUROslightly increasing

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Share of primary energies for electrical energy generation Germany 2004 Nuclear energy28 % Lignite (CO 2 )26 % Coal (CO 2 ) 24 % Oil & gas (CO 2 ) 11 % Renewable11 % 60 % of electrical energy generation with CO 2 -emission.

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Primary energy balance for energy generation

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Kyoto-Protocol (1987) Reduction of CO 2 -emission Commitment:1990 – 2010 by 21 % Internal target:1990 – 2005 by 25 % reached:1990 – 2000 by 15 % CO 2 -emission/a:ca. 800 Mio. t (ca. 10 t per capita) Additionally nuclear get-off till 2030, i.e. 30 % of electrical energy (160 TWh) must be provided by renewable energy sources (or import ?)

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Electrical energy system

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Price for electrical energy

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Load profiles - describe the typical energy demand for certain customer groups, in the case the demand cannot be measured - used for the determination of mains rent - base for mains operation There are standard profiles for entire Germany. Utilities need most exact load profiles.

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Example for a load profile

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Average interruption

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Investments of the utilities

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Questions for condition assessment - Latest date for replacement (investment) ? - Optimum maintenance strategy ?

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Development of transmission voltages

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink 380 kV HV cable connection for European capitals

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink HVDC connections - HVDC-overhead transmission lines, e.g. in China kV; 1800 MW via 960 km - great importance for sea cable links, because HVAC is impossible - typical voltages kV - conventional oil-paper cable, but research to apply also extruded cables

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink HVDC-sea- connections in Northern Europe

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Future HVDC connections

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Tendencies of development - mains are completed - no higher transmission voltages - emphasis in the medium-voltage range - growing importance of power electronics Future developments: - Silicon power switches - Powerformer (Generator with 200 kV) - Current limiters by polymeric compounds and liquids - growing importance of information technologies

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Sun – the future energy source Incoming solar energy: 1, kWh/a World primary energy demand: kWh/a (0,006 %) - Water power - Wind energy - Photovoltaic - Solarthermical Renewable energy sources are distributed ones !

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Wind power in Germany Installed power ca MW (2005) (30 % of world-wide installed wind power capacity) Wind power plants with 0,5... 1,5 MW power in wind parks with MW power Problems: - forecast difficult - storage desirable but until now impossible - no commitments between wind park owners and utilities

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Wind records

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Development of wind power year Wind power9 000 MW MW, incl MW Off-shore Wind plant power0,5 … 1,5 MW5 MW Rotor diameter m m Wind park power MW MW

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Wind speed distribution

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Off-shore wind park

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Erection of an off-shore wind plant

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Inverter concepts

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Transmission technologies

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Solar radiation in Europe Germany ca kWh/m 2 a South Europe Ca kWh/m 2 a Sahara: ca kWh/m 2 a

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Fluctuating photovoltaic energy

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Concept for short-time storage

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Renewable energy management

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Heat and power coupling Nuclear power plant Grafenrheinfeld P el = MW,  = ca. 35 % Cooling power: MW Equivalent heating power of a big city ! Conclusion: - Heat cannot be distributed economically over long distances. - Heating power must be generated decentralised, electrical energy becomes a „waste product“ of electricity generation. - Heat generation will determine future energy politics mainly.

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Energy consumption in Germany 30 % of the final energy consumption of private customers is used for heating and warm water generation !

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink PEM fuel cell (PEM – Proton Exchange Membran) Electrical power: 212 kW Heat power: 240 kW Operating temperature: 75 °C Dimensions L/W/H: 7,3 m / 2,4 m / 2,7 m η el = 34% η tot = η el + η th = 76 % - high-efficient, clean, low-noise - optimised partial load behaviour

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Energy generation today

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Virtual power station - energy generation tomorrow

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Challenges for Electrical Power Engineering 1. Introduction - figures and facts 2. Deregulation of energy markets 3. Technical tasks caused by the deregulation 4. Condition assessment for energy system components 5. Developments for energy transport 6. Distributed energy supply technologies 7. Outlook

W. Schufft: Challenges for electrical power engineering IP 2007, Pernink Blooming landscape