Basic Concepts of Computing Ed Green Senior Lecturer – IST © Ed Green Penn State University Penn State University All Rights Reserved All Rights Reserved

Computing as a Science Basic principals Ubiquity and its implications Societal considerations Workplace At home Ethics and behaviors Influencers of contemporary computing Intel – high speed computing Ted Codd – meaningful large databases Larry Ellison – integrated business solutions Steve Jobs – computing for everyone Bill Gates – office productivity Internet - communications Google – online searching Mark Zuckerberg – social computing 10/14/2015Basic Concepts2

Basic Principals Television Radio Entertainment Telephony Internet Games The everyday things in today’s life revolve around the capabilities of a computer. 10/14/2015Basic Concepts3

Discussion – Your Examples Television Radio Game Systems Entertainment Systems Telephony Internet Others? Discuss how computers are involved in each of these everyday devices and their use. 10/14/2015Basic Concepts4

Basic Principals – How does it work? A person like you wants to do something interacts Some type of device stimulates Results of processing produces responds A person like you wants to do something 10/14/2015Basic Concepts5 All images courtesy of Google Images

Ubiquity of Computing Ubiquitous – presence everywhere Computing is a commodity in developed nations Present in nearly every home in a variety of forms A business essential – again in multiple forms General availability – public access computing Computing becoming a commodity in developing nations Multitude of devices Absence of computing trait of under-developed nations Digital divide 10/14/2015Basic Concepts6

Ubiquity of Computing General statement – computing is ubiquitous but, what does this really mean? Sectors of modern life Workplace School and learning environments Home environment Travel and leisure Geographic considerations Domestic (USA) Foreign (global) Demographic considerations Developed Developing Under developed 10/14/2015Basic Concepts7

Societal Considerations of Computing Workplace General business functions (for example, HR and finance)  Employee management (such as performance appraisals)  Wages/salaries and benefits  Payroll including time/attendance  Policies and procedures  General ledger/bookkeeping including accounts receivable and accounts payable Business-specific (based on the type of business)  Engineering including CAD (computer-aided design)  Manufacturing including CAM (computer-aided manufacturing), bill-of- materials, shop-floor control, and inventory management Partnership (relationships with customers and suppliers)  Electronic commerce including B2B and B2C  Direct deposits of wages (for employees) and withholdings (to taxing authorities and benefits providers) Relationship (interactions with employees)  Employee communications/social media  Self-service capabilities 10/14/2015Basic Concepts8

Societal Considerations of Computing At home Commonly-used appliances (refrigerator, microwave, HVAC, more?) Common tasks (bill paying, information search) Entertainment (electronic games, television) Transportation (the modern automobile) Communication (the cell phone) Ethics and behaviors Personal information security  Your responsibilities  Your expectations of others Respect for ownership of intellectual property (copyright infringement)  Use of the Internet Legal considerations – the laws “in play” and consequences 10/14/2015Basic Concepts9

Influencers Intel – high speed computing Ted Codd – meaningful large databases Larry Ellison – integrated business solutions Steve Jobs – computing for everyone Bill Gates – office productivity Internet - communications Google – online searching Mark Zuckerberg – social computing 10/14/2015Basic Concepts10 At the front of our thinking

History of Computing The first computer – abacus Logic mathematics – George Boole Boolean algebra – differential analyzer (James Thompson 1890 census – Hollerith tabulator Analog computer Described for fire control by Arthur Pollen First built in 1920’s 1929 – network analyzer – General Electric and MIT... World War II 10/14/2015Basic Concepts11

History of Computing 1946 – ENIAC – Grace UPENN Late 1940’s – Alan Turing – stored program theory John von Neumann – stored program architecture 1950’s – first modern computer languages FORTRAN – John Backus LISP – John McCarthy COBOL – Grace Hopper & Short Range Team ALGOL – scientific community 1954 – IBM 704 – first mass-produced computer 1959 – IBM 7090 – second generation Late 1950’s – computer chips – Jack Kilby & Robet Noyce 1962 – GE 225 computer with GECOS operating system and first time sharing capability 1960’s – computing to support space exploration activities (e.g., Apollo) 10/14/2015Basic Concepts12

History of Computing 1963 – Charles Bachman – first database management system (GE Philadelphia) 1968 – ARPA – first “internet” prototype (ARPANET) 1968 – first transaction processing system (CICS from IBM) 1970 – Ted Codd (IBM) – rules for relational databases Foundation of modern database management 1977 – Larry Ellison founds Oracle 1981 – (IBM) – first PC 1984 – (Apple & Steve Jobs) – first MAC computer 1988 – first iMac computer (Apple) 10/14/2015Basic Concepts13

History of Computing 1990’s – emergence of cell phones 1995 – commercial Internet 1994 – Jerry Young & David Filo found Yahoo 1994 – beginning of social media 1997 – Larry Page & Sergy Brin found Google © 1999 – first online social network 2001 – iPod from Apple (Steve Jobs) 2003 – Linkedin & MySpace appear 2003 – iTunes introduced 2004 – Facebook (Marc Zuckerberg) 2007 – iPhone from Apple (Steve Jobs) 2010 – iPad from Apple (Steve Jobs) 10/14/2015Basic Concepts14 What’s next?